National Building Code of Canada 2015 – Intent Statements
From: National Research Council Canada
Alternate format: National Building Code of Canada 2015: Intent Statements (PDF, 9.8 MB)
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Table of contents
- Title page
- Preface
- Division A Compliance, Objectives and Functional Statements
- Part 1 - Compliance
- Section 1.4. Terms and Abbreviations
- 1.4.1. Definitions of Words and Phrases
- Section 1.4. Terms and Abbreviations
- Part 2 - Objectives
- Section 2.2. Objectives
- 2.2.1. Objectives
- Section 2.2. Objectives
- Part 3 - Functional Statements
- Section 3.2. Functional Statements
- 3.2.1. Functional Statements
- Section 3.2. Functional Statements
- Part 1 - Compliance
- Division B Acceptable Solutions
- Part 3 - Fire Protection, Occupant Safety and Accessibility
- Section 3.1. General
- 3.1.1. Scope and Definitions
- 3.1.1.1. Scope
- 3.1.1.2. Defined Words
- 3.1.1.4. Fire Protection Information
- 3.1.2. Classification of Buildings or Parts of Buildings by Major
Occupancy
- 3.1.2.1. Classification of Buildings
- 3.1.2.2. Occupancies of Same Classification
- 3.1.2.3. Arena-Type Buildings
- 3.1.2.4. Police Stations
- 3.1.2.5. Convalescent and Children’s Custodial Homes
- 3.1.2.6. Storage of Combustible Fibres
- 3.1.3. Multiple Occupancy Requirements
- 3.1.3.1. Separation of Major Occupancies
- 3.1.3.2. Prohibition of Occupancy Combinations
- 3.1.4. Combustible Construction
- 3.1.4.1. Combustible Materials Permitted
- 3.1.4.2. Protection of Foamed Plastics
- 3.1.4.3. Wires and Cables
- 3.1.4.4. Non-metallic Raceways
- 3.1.4.5. Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood
- 3.1.4.6. Heavy Timber Construction Alternative
- 3.1.4.7. Heavy Timber Construction
- 3.1.4.8. Exterior Cladding
- 3.1.5. Noncombustible Construction
- 3.1.5.1. Noncombustible Materials
- 3.1.5.2. Minor Combustible Components
- 3.1.5.3. Combustible Roofing Materials
- 3.1.5.4. Combustible Glazing and Skylights
- 3.1.5.5. Combustible Cladding on Exterior Walls
- 3.1.5.6. Combustible Components in Exterior Walls
- 3.1.5.7. Factory-Assembled Panels
- 3.1.5.8. Nailing Elements
- 3.1.5.9. Combustible Millwork
- 3.1.5.10. Combustible Flooring Elements
- 3.1.5.11. Combustible Stairs in Dwelling Units
- 3.1.5.12. Combustible Interior Finishes
- 3.1.5.13. Gypsum Board
- 3.1.5.14. Combustible Insulation
- 3.1.5.15. Foamed Plastic Insulation
- 3.1.5.16. Combustible Elements in Partitions
- 3.1.5.17. Storage Lockers in Residential Buildings
- 3.1.5.18. Combustible Ducts
- 3.1.5.19. Combustible Piping Materials
- 3.1.5.20. Combustible Plumbing Fixtures
- 3.1.5.21. Wires and Cables
- 3.1.5.22. Combustible Travelling Cables for Elevators
- 3.1.5.23. Non-metallic Raceways
- 3.1.5.24. Decorative Wood Cladding
- 3.1.6. Tents and Air-Supported Structures
- 3.1.6.1. Means of Egress
- 3.1.6.2. Restrictions
- 3.1.6.3. Clearance to Other Structures
- 3.1.6.4. Clearance to Flammable Material
- 3.1.6.5. Flame Resistance
- 3.1.6.6. Emergency Air Supply
- 3.1.6.7. Electrical Systems
- 3.1.7. Fire-Resistance Ratings
- 3.1.7.1. Determination of Ratings
- 3.1.7.2. Exception for Exterior Walls
- 3.1.7.3. Exposure Conditions for Rating
- 3.1.7.4. Minimum Fire-Resistance Rating
- 3.1.7.5. Rating of Supporting Construction
- 3.1.8. Fire Separations and Closures
- 3.1.8.1. General Requirements
- 3.1.8.2. Combustible Construction Support
- 3.1.8.3. Continuity of Fire Separations
- 3.1.8.4. Determination of Ratings and Classifications
- 3.1.8.5. Installation of Closures
- 3.1.8.6. Maximum Openings
- 3.1.8.7. Location of Fire Dampers and Smoke Dampers
- 3.1.8.8. Fire Dampers Waived
- 3.1.8.9. Smoke Dampers Waived
- 3.1.8.10. Installation of Fire Dampers
- 3.1.8.11. Installation of Smoke Dampers
- 3.1.8.12. Twenty-Minute Closures
- 3.1.8.13. Self-closing Devices
- 3.1.8.14. Hold-Open Devices
- 3.1.8.15. Door Latches
- 3.1.8.16. Wired Glass and Glass Block
- 3.1.8.17. Temperature Rise Limit for Doors
- 3.1.8.18. Area Limits for Wired Glass and Glass Block
- 3.1.8.19. Temperature Rise and Area Limits Waived
- 3.1.9. Penetrations in Fire Separations and Fire-Rated Assemblies
- 3.1.9.1. Fire Stops
- 3.1.9.2. Combustibility of Service Penetrations
- 3.1.9.3. Penetration by Wires, Cables and Outlet Boxes
- 3.1.9.4. Penetration by Outlet Boxes
- 3.1.9.5. Combustible Piping Penetrations
- 3.1.9.6. Openings through a Membrane Ceiling
- 3.1.9.7. Plenums
- 3.1.10. Firewalls
- 3.1.10.1. Prevention of Firewall Collapse
- 3.1.10.2. Rating of Firewalls
- 3.1.10.3. Continuity of Firewalls
- 3.1.10.4. Parapets
- 3.1.10.5. Maximum Openings
- 3.1.10.6. Exposure Protection for Adjacent Walls
- 3.1.10.7. Combustible Projections
- 3.1.11. Fire Blocks in Concealed Spaces
- 3.1.11.1. Separation of Concealed Spaces
- 3.1.11.2. Fire Blocks in Wall Assemblies
- 3.1.11.3. Fire Blocks between Nailing and Supporting Elements
- 3.1.11.4. Fire Blocks between Vertical and Horizontal Spaces
- 3.1.11.5. Fire Blocks in Horizontal Concealed Spaces
- 3.1.11.6. Fire Blocks in Crawl Spaces
- 3.1.11.7. Fire Block Materials
- 3.1.12. Flame-Spread Rating and Smoke Developed Classification
- 3.1.12.1. Determination of Ratings
- 3.1.13. Interior Finish
- 3.1.13.1. Interior Finishes, Furnishings and Decorative Materials
- 3.1.13.2. Flame-Spread Rating
- 3.1.13.3. Bathrooms in Residential Suites
- 3.1.13.4. Light Diffusers and Lenses
- 3.1.13.5. Skylights
- 3.1.13.6. Corridors
- 3.1.13.7. High Buildings
- 3.1.13.8. Noncombustible Construction
- 3.1.13.9. Underground Walkways
- 3.1.13.10. Exterior Exit Passageway
- 3.1.13.11. Elevator Cars
- 3.1.14. Roof Assemblies
- 3.1.14.1. Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood Roof Systems
- 3.1.14.2. Metal Roof Deck Assemblies
- 3.1.15. Roof Covering
- 3.1.15.1. Roof Covering Classification
- 3.1.15.2. Roof Coverings
- 3.1.16. Fabrics
- 3.1.16.1. Fabric Canopies and Marquees
- 3.1.17. Occupant Load
- 3.1.17.1. Occupant Load Determination
- 3.1.1. Scope and Definitions
- Section 3.2. Building Fire Safety
- 3.2.1. General
- 3.2.1.1. Exceptions in Determining Building Height
- 3.2.1.2. Storage Garage Considered as a Separate Building
- 3.2.1.3. Roof Considered as a Wall
- 3.2.1.4. Floor Assembly over Basement
- 3.2.1.5. Fire Containment in Basements
- 3.2.1.6. Mezzanines
- 3.2.2. Building Size and Construction Relative to Occupancy
- 3.2.2.1. Application
- 3.2.2.2. Special and Unusual Structures
- 3.2.2.3. Exceptions to Structural Fire Protection
- 3.2.2.4. Buildings with Multiple Major Occupancies
- 3.2.2.5. Applicable Building Height and Area
- 3.2.2.6. Multiple Major Occupancies
- 3.2.2.7. Superimposed Major Occupancies
- 3.2.2.8. Exceptions for Major Occupancies
- 3.2.2.9. Crawl Spaces
- 3.2.2.10. Streets
- 3.2.2.11. Exterior Balconies
- 3.2.2.12. Exterior Passageways
- 3.2.2.13. Occupancy on Roof
- 3.2.2.14. Roof-Top Enclosures
- 3.2.2.15. Storeys below Ground
- 3.2.2.16. Heavy Timber Roof Permitted
- 3.2.2.17. Arena-Type Building Roof Assembly
- 3.2.2.18. Automatic Sprinkler System Required
- 3.2.2.19. Buildings Containing Impeded Egress Zones
- 3.2.2.20. Group A, Division 1, Any Height, Any Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.21. Group A, Division 1, One Storey, Limited Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.22. Group A, Division 1, One Storey, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.23. Group A, Division 2, Any Height, Any Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.24. Group A, Division 2, up to 6 Storeys, Any Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.25. Group A, Division 2, up to 2 Storeys
- 3.2.2.26. Group A, Division 2, up to 2 Storeys, Increased Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.27. Group A, Division 2, up to 2 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.28. Group A, Division 2, One Storey
- 3.2.2.29. Group A, Division 3, Any Height, Any Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.30. Group A, Division 3, up to 2 Storeys
- 3.2.2.31. Group A, Division 3, up to 2 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.32. Group A, Division 3, One Storey, Increased Area
- 3.2.2.33. Group A, Division 3, One Storey, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.34. Group A, Division 3, One Storey
- 3.2.2.35. Group A, Division 4
- 3.2.2.36. Group B, Division 1, Any Height, Any Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.37. Group B, Division 1, up to 3 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.38. Group B, Division 2, Any Height, Any Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.39. Group B, Division 2, up to 3 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.40. Group B, Division 2, up to 2 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.41. Group B, Division 2, One Storey, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.42. Group B, Division 3, Any Height, Any Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.43. Group B, Division 3, up to 3 Storeys (Noncombustible), Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.44. Group B, Division 3, up to 3 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.45. Group B, Division 3, up to 2 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.46. Group B, Division 3, One Storey, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.47. Group C, Any Height, Any Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.48. Group C, up to 6 Storeys, Sprinklered, Noncombustible Construction
- 3.2.2.49. Group C, up to 3 Storeys, Noncombustible Construction
- 3.2.2.50. Group C, up to 6 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.51. Group C, up to 4 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.52. Group C, up to 3 Storeys, Increased Area
- 3.2.2.53. Group C, up to 3 Storeys
- 3.2.2.54. Group C, up to 3 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.55. Group D, Any Height, Any Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.56. Group D, up to 6 Storeys
- 3.2.2.57. Group D, up to 6 Storeys, Sprinklered, Noncombustible Construction
- 3.2.2.58. Group D, up to 6 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.59. Group D, up to 4 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.60. Group D, up to 3 Storeys
- 3.2.2.61. Group D, up to 3 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.62. Group D, up to 2 Storeys
- 3.2.2.63. Group D, up to 2 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.64. Group E, Any Height, Any Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.65. Group E, up to 4 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.66. Group E, up to 3 Storeys
- 3.2.2.67. Group E, up to 3 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.68. Group E, up to 2 Storeys
- 3.2.2.69. Group E, up to 2 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.70. Group F, Division 1, up to 4 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.71. Group F, Division 1, up to 3 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.72. Group F, Division 1, up to 2 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.73. Group F, Division 1, One Storey
- 3.2.2.74. Group F, Division 2, Any Height, Any Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.75. Group F, Division 2, up to 4 Storeys, Increased Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.76. Group F, Division 2, up to 3 Storeys
- 3.2.2.77. Group F, Division 2, up to 4 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.78. Group F, Division 2, up to 2 Storeys
- 3.2.2.79. Group F, Division 2, up to 2 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.80. Group F, Division 3, Any Height, Any Area, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.81. Group F, Division 3, up to 6 Storeys
- 3.2.2.82. Group F, Division 3, up to 6 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.83. Group F, Division 3, up to 4 Storeys
- 3.2.2.84. Group F, Division 3, up to 4 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.85. Group F, Division 3, up to 2 Storeys
- 3.2.2.86. Group F, Division 3, up to 2 Storeys, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.87. Group F, Division 3, One Storey
- 3.2.2.88. Group F, Division 3, One Storey, Sprinklered
- 3.2.2.89. Group F, Division 3, One Storey, Any Area, Low Fire Load Occupancy
- 3.2.2.90. Group F, Division 3, Storage Garages up to 22 m High
- 3.2.3. Spatial Separation and Exposure Protection
- 3.2.3.1. Limiting Distance and Area of Unprotected Openings
- 3.2.3.2. Area of Exposing Building Face
- 3.2.3.3. Wall Enclosing Attic or Roof Space
- 3.2.3.4. Party Wall
- 3.2.3.5. Wall with Limiting Distance Less Than 1.2 m
- 3.2.3.6. Combustible Projections
- 3.2.3.7. Construction of Exposing Building Face
- 3.2.3.8. Protection of Exterior Building Face
- 3.2.3.9. Protection of Structural Members
- 3.2.3.10. Unlimited Unprotected Openings
- 3.2.3.11. Low Fire Load, One Storey Building
- 3.2.3.12. Area Increase for Unprotected Openings
- 3.2.3.13. Protection of Exit Facilities
- 3.2.3.14. Wall Exposed to Another Wall
- 3.2.3.15. Wall Exposed to Adjoining Roof
- 3.2.3.16. Protection of Soffits
- 3.2.3.17. Canopy Protection for Vertically Separated Openings
- 3.2.3.18. Covered Vehicular Passageway
- 3.2.3.19. Walkway between Buildings
- 3.2.3.20. Underground Walkway
- 3.2.3.21. Storage and Process Equipment Located Outdoors
- 3.2.3.22. Installation of Service Lines Under Buildings
- 3.2.4. Fire Alarm and Detection Systems
- 3.2.4.1. Determination of Requirement for a Fire Alarm System
- 3.2.4.2. Continuity of Fire Alarm System
- 3.2.4.3. Types of Fire Alarm Systems
- 3.2.4.4. Description of Fire Alarm Systems
- 3.2.4.5. Installation and Verification of Fire Alarm Systems
- 3.2.4.6. Silencing of Alarm Signals
- 3.2.4.7. Signals to Fire Department
- 3.2.4.8. Annunciator and Zone Indication
- 3.2.4.9. Electrical Supervision
- 3.2.4.10. Fire Detectors
- 3.2.4.11. Smoke Detectors
- 3.2.4.12. Prevention of Smoke Circulation
- 3.2.4.13. Vacuum Cleaning System Shutdown
- 3.2.4.14. Elevator Emergency Return
- 3.2.4.15. System Monitoring
- 3.2.4.16. Manual Stations
- 3.2.4.17. Alert and Alarm Signals
- 3.2.4.18. Audibility of Alarm Systems
- 3.2.4.19. Visual Signals
- 3.2.4.20. Smoke Alarms
- 3.2.4.21. Residential Fire Warning Systems
- 3.2.4.22. Voice Communication Systems for High Buildings
- 3.2.4.23. One-Way Voice Communication Systems
- 3.2.5. Provisions for Firefighting
- 3.2.5.1. Access to Above-Grade Storeys
- 3.2.5.2. Access to Basements
- 3.2.5.3. Roof Access
- 3.2.5.4. Access Routes
- 3.2.5.5. Location of Access Routes
- 3.2.5.6. Access Route Design
- 3.2.5.7. Water Supply
- 3.2.5.8. Standpipe Systems
- 3.2.5.9. Standpipe System Design
- 3.2.5.10. Hose Connections
- 3.2.5.11. Hose Stations
- 3.2.5.12. Automatic Sprinkler Systems
- 3.2.5.13. Combustible Sprinkler Piping
- 3.2.5.14. Sprinklered Service Space
- 3.2.5.15. Fire Department Connections
- 3.2.5.16. Portable Fire Extinguishers
- 3.2.5.17. Protection from Freezing
- 3.2.5.18. Fire Pumps
- 3.2.6. Additional Requirements for High Buildings
- 3.2.6.1. Application
- 3.2.6.2. Limits to Smoke Movement
- 3.2.6.3. Connected Buildings
- 3.2.6.4. Emergency Operation of Elevators
- 3.2.6.5. Elevator for Use by Firefighters
- 3.2.6.6. Venting to Aid Firefighting
- 3.2.6.7. Central Alarm and Control Facility
- 3.2.6.8. Voice Communication System
- 3.2.6.9. Testing
- 3.2.7. Lighting and Emergency Power Systems
- 3.2.7.1. Minimum Lighting Requirements
- 3.2.7.2. Recessed Lighting Fixtures
- 3.2.7.3. Emergency Lighting
- 3.2.7.4. Emergency Power for Lighting
- 3.2.7.5. Emergency Power Supply Installation
- 3.2.7.6. Emergency Power for Treatment Occupancies
- 3.2.7.7. Fuel Supply Shut-off Valves
- 3.2.7.8. Emergency Power for Fire Alarm Systems
- 3.2.7.9. Emergency Power for Building Services
- 3.2.7.10. Protection of Electrical Conductors
- 3.2.8. Mezzanines and Openings through Floor Assemblies
- 3.2.8.1. Application
- 3.2.8.2. Exceptions to Special Protection
- 3.2.8.3. Sprinklers
- 3.2.8.4. Vestibules
- 3.2.8.5. Protected Floor Space
- 3.2.8.6. Draft Stops
- 3.2.8.7. Mechanical Exhaust System
- 3.2.8.8. Combustible Content Limits
- 3.2.9. Integrated Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems
- 3.2.9.1. Testing
- 3.2.1. General
- Section 3.3. Safety within Floor Areas
- 3.3.1. All Floor Areas
- 3.3.1.1. Separation of Suites
- 3.3.1.2. Hazardous Substances, Equipment and Processes
- 3.3.1.3. Means of Egress
- 3.3.1.4. Public Corridor Separations
- 3.3.1.5. Egress Doorways
- 3.3.1.6. Travel Distance
- 3.3.1.7. Protection on Floor Areas with a Barrier-Free Path of Travel
- 3.3.1.8. Headroom Clearance
- 3.3.1.9. Corridors
- 3.3.1.10. Aisles
- 3.3.1.11. Door Swing
- 3.3.1.12. Sliding Doors
- 3.3.1.13. Doors and Door Hardware
- 3.3.1.14. Ramps and Stairways
- 3.3.1.15. Exterior Passageways
- 3.3.1.16. Tapered Treads in a Curved Flight
- 3.3.1.17. Capacity of Access to Exits
- 3.3.1.18. Guards
- 3.3.1.19. Transparent Doors and Panels
- 3.3.1.20. Exhaust Ventilation and Explosion Venting
- 3.3.1.21. Janitors’ Rooms
- 3.3.1.22. Common Laundry Rooms
- 3.3.1.23. Obstructions
- 3.3.1.24. Signs in Service Spaces
- 3.3.1.25. Welding and Cutting
- 3.3.2. Assembly Occupancy
- 3.3.2.1. Scope
- 3.3.2.2. Fire Separations
- 3.3.2.3. Non-fixed Seating
- 3.3.2.4. Fixed Seats
- 3.3.2.5. Aisles
- 3.3.2.6. Corridors
- 3.3.2.7. Doors
- 3.3.2.8. Fixed Bench-Type Seats without Arms
- 3.3.2.9. Guards
- 3.3.2.10. Handrails in Aisles with Steps
- 3.3.2.11. Outdoor Places of Assembly
- 3.3.2.12. Bleachers
- 3.3.2.13. Libraries
- 3.3.2.14. Stages for Theatrical Performances
- 3.3.2.15. Risers for Stairs
- 3.3.2.16. Storage Rooms
- 3.3.3. Care, Treatment or Detention Occupancies
- 3.3.3.1. Application
- 3.3.3.2. Separations between Care, Treatment or Detention Occupancies and Repair Garages
- 3.3.3.3. Corridors
- 3.3.3.4. Doorway Width
- 3.3.3.5. Compartments and Fire Separations
- 3.3.3.6. Areas of Refuge
- 3.3.3.7. Contained Use Areas
- 3.3.4. Residential Occupancy
- 3.3.4.1. Scope
- 3.3.4.2. Fire Separations
- 3.3.4.3. Storage Rooms
- 3.3.4.4. Egress from Dwelling Units
- 3.3.4.5. Automatic Locking Prohibition
- 3.3.4.6. Sound Transmission
- 3.3.4.7. Stairs, Ramps, Landings, Handrails and Guards for Dwelling Units
- 3.3.4.8. Protection of Openable Windows
- 3.3.5. Industrial Occupancy
- 3.3.5.1. Scope
- 3.3.5.2. Fire Extinguishing Systems
- 3.3.5.3. Basements
- 3.3.5.4. Repair and Storage Garages
- 3.3.5.5. Repair Garage Separation
- 3.3.5.6. Storage Garage Separation
- 3.3.5.7. Vestibules
- 3.3.5.8. Dispensing of Fuel
- 3.3.5.9. Multiple-Tenant Self-Storage Warehouses
- 3.3.5.10. Guards
- 3.3.6. Design of Hazardous Areas
- 3.3.6.1. Application
- 3.3.6.2. Storage of Dangerous Goods
- 3.3.6.3. Indoor Storage of Anhydrous Ammonia and Flammable, Toxic and Oxidizing Gases
- 3.3.6.4. Storage and Dispensing Rooms for Flammable Liquids and Combustible Liquids
- 3.3.6.5. Tire Storage
- 3.3.6.6. Ammonium Nitrate Storage
- 3.3.6.7. Flooring Materials
- 3.3.6.8. Fire Separations in Process Plants
- 3.3.6.9. Basements and Pits
- 3.3.1. All Floor Areas
- Section 3.4. Exits
- 3.4.1. General
- 3.4.1.1. Scope
- 3.4.1.2. Separation of Exits
- 3.4.1.3. Access to Exits
- 3.4.1.4. Types of Exit
- 3.4.1.5. Exterior Exit Passageways
- 3.4.1.6. Restricted Use of Horizontal Exits
- 3.4.1.7. Slide Escapes
- 3.4.1.8. Transparent Doors and Panels
- 3.4.1.9. Mirrors near Exits
- 3.4.1.10. Combustible Glazing in Exits
- 3.4.2. Number and Location of Exits from Floor Areas
- 3.4.2.1. Minimum Number of Exits
- 3.4.2.2. Means of Egress from Mezzanines
- 3.4.2.3. Distance between Exits
- 3.4.2.4. Travel Distance
- 3.4.2.5. Location of Exits
- 3.4.2.6. Principal Entrances
- 3.4.3. Width and Height of Exits
- 3.4.3.1. Exit Width Based on Occupant Load
- 3.4.3.2. Exit Width
- 3.4.3.3. Exit Width Reduction
- 3.4.3.4. Headroom Clearance
- 3.4.4. Fire Separation of Exits
- 3.4.4.1. Fire-Resistance Rating of Exit Separations
- 3.4.4.2. Exits through Lobbies
- 3.4.4.3. Exterior Passageway Exceptions
- 3.4.4.4. Integrity of Exits
- 3.4.5. Exit Signs
- 3.4.5.1. Exit Signs
- 3.4.5.2. Signs for Stairs and Ramps at Exit Level
- 3.4.6. Types of Exit Facilities
- 3.4.6.1. Slip Resistance of Ramps and Stairs
- 3.4.6.2. Minimum Number of Risers
- 3.4.6.3. Maximum Vertical Rise of Stair Flights and Required Landings
- 3.4.6.4. Dimensions of Landings
- 3.4.6.5. Handrails
- 3.4.6.6. Guards
- 3.4.6.7. Ramp Slope
- 3.4.6.8. Treads and Risers
- 3.4.6.9. Curved Flights in Exits
- 3.4.6.10. Horizontal Exits
- 3.4.6.11. Doors
- 3.4.6.12. Direction of Door Swing
- 3.4.6.13. Self-closing Devices
- 3.4.6.14. Sliding Doors
- 3.4.6.15. Revolving Doors
- 3.4.6.16. Door Release Hardware
- 3.4.6.17. Security for Banks and Mercantile Floor Areas
- 3.4.6.18. Emergency Crossover Access to Floor Areas
- 3.4.6.19. Floor Numbering
- 3.4.7. Fire Escapes
- 3.4.7.1. Scope
- 3.4.7.2. Fire Escape Construction
- 3.4.7.3. Access to Fire Escapes
- 3.4.7.4. Protection of Fire Escapes
- 3.4.7.5. Stairs
- 3.4.7.6. Guards and Railings
- 3.4.7.7. Landings
- 3.4.1. General
- Section 3.5. Vertical Transportation
- 3.5.1. General
- 3.5.1.1. Scope
- 3.5.2. Standards
- 3.5.2.1. Elevators, Escalators and Dumbwaiters
- 3.5.3. Fire Separations
- 3.5.3.1. Fire Separations for Elevator Hoistways
- 3.5.3.2. Vertical Service Spaces for Dumbwaiters
- 3.5.3.3. Fire Separations for Elevator Machine Rooms
- 3.5.4. Dimensions and Signs
- 3.5.4.1. Elevator Car Dimensions
- 3.5.4.2. Floor Numbering
- 3.5.1. General
- Section 3.6. Service Facilities
- 3.6.1. General
- 3.6.1.1. Scope
- 3.6.1.2. Electrical Wiring and Equipment
- 3.6.1.3. Lightning Protection Systems
- 3.6.1.4. Storage Use Prohibition
- 3.6.1.5. Appliances Installed outside a Building
- 3.6.2. Service Rooms
- 3.6.2.1. Fire Separations around Service Rooms
- 3.6.2.2. Service Rooms under Exits
- 3.6.2.3. Service Equipment
- 3.6.2.4. Incinerator Rooms
- 3.6.2.5. Combustible Refuse Storage
- 3.6.2.6. Door Swing for Service Rooms
- 3.6.2.7. Electrical Equipment Vaults
- 3.6.2.8. Emergency Power Installations
- 3.6.3. Vertical Service Spaces and Service Facilities
- 3.6.3.1. Fire Separations for Vertical Service Spaces
- 3.6.3.2. Foamed Plastic Protection
- 3.6.3.3. Linen and Refuse Chutes
- 3.6.3.4. Exhaust Duct Negative Pressure
- 3.6.3.5. Grease Duct Enclosures
- 3.6.4. Horizontal Service Spaces and Service Facilities
- 3.6.4.1. Scope
- 3.6.4.2. Fire Separations for Horizontal Service Spaces
- 3.6.4.3. Plenum Requirements
- 3.6.4.4. Attic or Roof Space Access
- 3.6.4.5. Horizontal Service Space Access
- 3.6.4.6. Crawl Space Access
- 3.6.5. Air Duct and Plenum Systems
- 3.6.5.1. Duct Materials
- 3.6.5.2. Vibration Isolation Connectors
- 3.6.5.3. Tape
- 3.6.5.4. Coverings, Linings, Adhesives and Insulation
- 3.6.5.5. Insulation and Coverings
- 3.6.5.6. Clearance of Ducts and Plenums
- 3.6.5.7. Supply, Return, Intake and Exhaust-Air Openings
- 3.6.5.8. Return-Air System
- 3.6.1. General
- Section 3.7. Health Requirements
- 3.7.1. Height of Rooms
- 3.7.1.1. Room and Space Height
- 3.7.2. Plumbing Facilities
- 3.7.2.1. Plumbing and Drainage Systems
- 3.7.2.2. Water Closets
- 3.7.2.3. Lavatories
- 3.7.2.4. Mobile Home Facilities
- 3.7.2.5. Safety Glass
- 3.7.2.6. Surface Protection
- 3.7.2.7. Floor Drain
- 3.7.2.8. Grab Bars
- 3.7.2.9. Bathtubs
- 3.7.3. Medical Gas Piping Systems
- 3.7.3.1. Medical Gas Piping
- 3.7.1. Height of Rooms
- Section 3.8. Accessibility
- 3.8.1. Scope
- 3.8.1.1. Scope
- 3.8.2. Application
- 3.8.2.1. Exceptions
- 3.8.2.2. Entrances
- 3.8.2.3. Areas Requiring a Barrier-Free Path of Travel
- 3.8.2.4. Access to Storeys Served by Escalators and Moving Walks
- 3.8.2.5. Access to Parking Areas and Exterior Passenger-Loading Zones
- 3.8.2.6. Controls
- 3.8.2.7. Power Door Operators
- 3.8.2.8. Plumbing Facilities
- 3.8.2.9. Assistive Listening Devices
- 3.8.2.10. Signs and Indicators
- 3.8.2.11. Counters and Counters for Telephones
- 3.8.3. Design
- 3.8.3.1. Design Standards
- 3.8.3.2. Barrier-Free Path of Travel
- 3.8.3.3. Exterior Walks
- 3.8.3.4. Exterior Passenger-Loading Zones
- 3.8.3.5. Ramps
- 3.8.3.6. Doorways and Doors
- 3.8.3.7. Passenger-Elevating Devices
- 3.8.3.8. Controls
- 3.8.3.9. Accessibility Signs
- 3.8.3.10. Drinking Fountains
- 3.8.3.11. Water-Closet Stalls
- 3.8.3.12. Universal Washrooms
- 3.8.3.13. Water Closets
- 3.8.3.14. Urinals
- 3.8.3.15. Lavatories and Mirrors
- 3.8.3.16. Showers
- 3.8.3.17. Bathtubs
- 3.8.3.18. Assistive Listening Devices
- 3.8.3.19. Counters
- 3.8.3.20. Shelves or Counters for Telephones
- 3.8.3.21. Spaces in Seating Area
- 3.8.1. Scope
- Section 3.9. Self-service Storage Buildings
- 3.9.1. General
- 3.9.1.1. Definition
- 3.9.1.2. Application
- 3.9.1.3. Occupancy Classification
- 3.9.2. Building Fire Safety
- 3.9.2.1. Building Area
- 3.9.2.2. Spatial Separation
- 3.9.2.3. Access Route
- 3.9.3. Floor Areas
- 3.9.3.1. Safety Requirements Within Floor Areas
- 3.9.3.2. Sanitary Facilities
- 3.9.1. General
- Section 3.1. General
- Part 4 - Structural Design
- Section 4.1. Structural Loads and Procedures
- 4.1.1. General
- 4.1.1.1. Scope
- 4.1.1.2. Definitions
- 4.1.1.3. Design Requirements
- 4.1.1.4. Structural Drawings and Related Documents
- 4.1.1.5. Design Basis
- 4.1.2. Specified Loads and Effects
- 4.1.2.1. Loads and Effects
- 4.1.2.2. Loads Not Listed
- 4.1.3. Limit States Design
- 4.1.3.1. Definitions
- 4.1.3.2. Strength and Stability
- 4.1.3.3. Fatigue
- 4.1.3.4. Serviceability
- 4.1.3.5. Deflection
- 4.1.3.6. Vibration
- 4.1.4. Dead Loads
- 4.1.4.1. Dead Loads
- 4.1.5. Live Loads Due to Use and Occupancy
- 4.1.5.1. Loads Due to Use of Floors and Roofs
- 4.1.5.2. Uses Not Stipulated
- 4.1.5.3. Full and Partial Loading
- 4.1.5.4. Loads for Occupancy Served
- 4.1.5.5. Loads on Exterior Areas
- 4.1.5.6. Loads for Dining Areas
- 4.1.5.7. More Than One Occupancy
- 4.1.5.8. Variation with Tributary Area
- 4.1.5.9. Concentrated Loads
- 4.1.5.10. Sway Forces in Assembly Occupancies
- 4.1.5.11. Crane-Supporting Structures and Impact of Machinery and Equipment
- 4.1.5.12. Bleachers
- 4.1.5.13. Helicopter Landing Areas
- 4.1.5.14. Loads on Guards and Handrails
- 4.1.5.15. Loads on Vehicle Guardrails
- 4.1.5.16. Loads on Walls Acting As Guards
- 4.1.5.17. Firewalls
- 4.1.6. Loads Due to Snow and Rain
- 4.1.6.1. Specified Load Due to Rain or to Snow and Associated Rain
- 4.1.6.2. Specified Snow Load
- 4.1.6.3. Full and Partial Loading
- 4.1.6.4. Specified Rain Load
- 4.1.6.5. Multi-level Roofs
- 4.1.6.6. Horizontal Gap between a Roof and a Higher Roof
- 4.1.6.7. Areas Adjacent to Roof Projections
- 4.1.6.8. Snow Drift at Corners
- 4.1.6.9. Gable Roofs
- 4.1.6.10. Arch Roofs, Curved Roofs and Domes
- 4.1.6.11. Snow Loads Due to Sliding
- 4.1.6.12. Valleys in Curved or Sloped Roofs
- 4.1.6.13. Specific Weight of Snow
- 4.1.6.14. Snow Removal
- 4.1.6.15. Ice Loading of Structures
- 4.1.7. Wind Load
- 4.1.7.1. Specified Wind Load
- 4.1.7.2. Classification of Buildings
- 4.1.7.3. Static Procedure
- 4.1.7.4. Topographic Factor
- 4.1.7.5. External Pressure Coefficients
- 4.1.7.6. External Pressure Coefficients for Low Buildings
- 4.1.7.7. Internal Pressure Coefficient
- 4.1.7.8. Dynamic Procedure
- 4.1.7.9. Full and Partial Wind Loading
- 4.1.7.10. Interior Walls and Partitions
- 4.1.7.11. Exterior Ornamentations, Equipment and Appendages
- 4.1.7.12. Wind Tunnel Procedure
- 4.1.8. Earthquake Load and Effects
- 4.1.8.1. Analysis
- 4.1.8.2. Notation
- 4.1.8.3. General Requirements
- 4.1.8.4. Site Properties
- 4.1.8.5. Importance Factor
- 4.1.8.6. Structural Configuration
- 4.1.8.7. Methods of Analysis
- 4.1.8.8. Direction of Loading
- 4.1.8.9. SFRS Force Reduction Factors, System Overstrength Factors, and General Restrictions
- 4.1.8.10. Additional System Restrictions
- 4.1.8.11. Equivalent Static Force Procedure for Structures Satisfying the Conditions of Article 4.1.8.7.
- 4.1.8.12. Dynamic Analysis Procedure
- 4.1.8.13. Deflections and Drift Limits
- 4.1.8.14. Structural Separation
- 4.1.8.15. Design Provisions
- 4.1.8.16. Foundation Provisions
- 4.1.8.17. Site Stability
- 4.1.8.18. Elements of Structures, Non-structural Components and Equipment
- 4.1.8.19. Seismic Isolation
- 4.1.8.20. Seismic Isolation Design Provisions
- 4.1.8.21. Supplemental Energy Dissipation
- 4.1.8.22. Supplemental Energy Dissipation Design Considerations
- 4.1.1. General
- Section 4.2. Foundations
- 4.2.1. General
- 4.2.1.1. Application
- 4.2.2. Subsurface Investigations, Drawings and Reviews
- 4.2.2.1. Subsurface Investigation
- 4.2.2.2. Drawings
- 4.2.2.3. Field Review
- 4.2.2.4. Altered Subsurface Condition
- 4.2.3. Materials Used in Foundations
- 4.2.3.1. Wood
- 4.2.3.2. Preservation Treatment of Wood
- 4.2.3.3. Plain and Reinforced Masonry
- 4.2.3.4. Prevention of Deterioration of Masonry
- 4.2.3.5. Concrete
- 4.2.3.6. Protection Against Chemical Attack
- 4.2.3.7. Steel
- 4.2.3.8. Steel Piles
- 4.2.3.9. High Strength Steel Tendons
- 4.2.3.10. Corrosion of Steel
- 4.2.4. Design Requirements
- 4.2.4.1. Design Basis
- 4.2.4.2. Subsurface Investigation
- 4.2.4.3. Identification
- 4.2.4.4. Depth of Foundations
- 4.2.4.5. Sloping Ground
- 4.2.4.6. Eccentric and Inclined Loads
- 4.2.4.7. Dynamic Loading
- 4.2.4.8. Hydrostatic Uplift
- 4.2.4.9. Groundwater Level Change
- 4.2.4.10. Permafrost
- 4.2.4.11. Swelling and Shrinking Soils
- 4.2.4.12. Expanding and Deteriorating Rock
- 4.2.4.13. Construction on Fill
- 4.2.4.14. Structural Design
- 4.2.5. Excavations
- 4.2.5.1. Design of Excavations
- 4.2.5.2. Excavation Construction
- 4.2.5.3. Supported Excavations
- 4.2.5.4. Unsupported Excavations
- 4.2.5.5. Control of Water around Excavations
- 4.2.5.6. Loss of Ground
- 4.2.5.7. Protection and Maintenance at Excavations
- 4.2.5.8. Backfilling
- 4.2.6. Shallow Foundations
- 4.2.6.1. Design of Shallow Foundations
- 4.2.6.2. Support of Shallow Foundations
- 4.2.6.3. Incorrect Placement of Shallow Foundations
- 4.2.6.4. Damaged Shallow Foundations
- 4.2.7. Deep Foundations
- 4.2.7.1. General
- 4.2.7.2. Design of Deep Foundations
- 4.2.7.3. Tolerance in Alignment and Location
- 4.2.7.4. Incorrect Alignment and Location
- 4.2.7.5. Installation of Deep Foundations
- 4.2.7.6. Damaged Deep Foundation Units
- 4.2.8. Special Foundations
- 4.2.8.1. General
- 4.2.8.2. Use of Existing Foundations
- 4.2.1. General
- Section 4.3. Design Requirements for Structural Materials
- 4.3.1. Wood
- 4.3.1.1. Design Basis for Wood
- 4.3.1.2. Glued-Laminated Members
- 4.3.1.3. Termites
- 4.3.2. Plain and Reinforced Masonry
- 4.3.2.1. Design Basis for Plain and Reinforced Masonry
- 4.3.3. Plain, Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete
- 4.3.3.1. Design Basis for Plain, Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete
- 4.3.4. Steel
- 4.3.4.1. Design Basis for Structural Steel
- 4.3.4.2. Design Basis for Cold-Formed Steel
- 4.3.4.3. Steel Building Systems
- 4.3.5. Aluminum
- 4.3.5.1. Design Basis for Aluminum
- 4.3.6. Glass
- 4.3.6.1. Design Basis for Glass
- 4.3.1. Wood
- Section 4.4. Design Requirements for Special Structures
- 4.4.1. Air-Supported Structures
- 4.4.1.1. Design Basis for Air-Supported Structures
- 4.4.2. Parking Structures
- 4.4.2.1. Design Basis for Parking Structures and Repair Garages
- 4.4.1. Air-Supported Structures
- Section 4.1. Structural Loads and Procedures
- Part 5 - Environmental Separation
- Section 5.1. General
- 5.1.1. Scope
- 5.1.1.1. Scope
- 5.1.2. Application
- 5.1.2.1. Exposure to Exterior Space or the Ground and Separation of Dissimilar Environments
- 5.1.3. Definitions
- 5.1.3.1. Defined Words
- 5.1.4. Resistance to Loads and Deterioration
- 5.1.4.1. Structural and Environmental Loads
- 5.1.4.2. Resistance to Deterioration
- 5.1.5. Other Requirements
- 5.1.5.1. Requirements in Other Parts of the Code
- 5.1.1. Scope
- Section 5.2. Loads and Procedures
- 5.2.1. Environmental Loads and Design Procedures
- 5.2.1.1. Exterior Environmental Loads
- 5.2.1.2. Interior Environmental Loads
- 5.2.1.3. Environmental Load and Transfer Calculations
- 5.2.2. Structural Loads and Design Procedures
- 5.2.2.1. Determination of Structural Loads and Effects
- 5.2.2.2. Determination of Wind Load
- 5.2.2.3. Design Procedures
- 5.2.1. Environmental Loads and Design Procedures
- Section 5.3. Heat Transfer
- 5.3.1. Thermal Resistance of Assemblies
- 5.3.1.1. Required Resistance to Heat Transfer
- 5.3.1.2. Properties to Resist Heat Transfer or Dissipate Heat
- 5.3.1.3. Location and Installation of Materials Providing Thermal Resistance
- 5.3.1. Thermal Resistance of Assemblies
- Section 5.4. Air Leakage
- 5.4.1. Air Barrier Systems
- 5.4.1.1. Required Resistance to Air Leakage
- 5.4.1.2. Air Barrier System Properties
- 5.4.1. Air Barrier Systems
- Section 5.5. Vapour Diffusion
- 5.5.1. Vapour Barriers
- 5.5.1.1. Required Resistance to Vapour Diffusion
- 5.5.1.2. Vapour Barrier Properties and Installation
- 5.5.1. Vapour Barriers
- Section 5.6. Precipitation
- 5.6.1. Protection from Precipitation
- 5.6.1.1. Required Protection from Precipitation
- 5.6.1.2. Installation of Protective Materials
- 5.6.2. Sealing, Drainage, Accumulation and Disposal
- 5.6.2.1. Sealing and Drainage
- 5.6.2.2. Accumulation and Disposal
- 5.6.1. Protection from Precipitation
- Section 5.7. Surface and Ground Water
- 5.7.1. Site Factors
- 5.7.1.1. Application
- 5.7.1.2. Required Protection
- 5.7.2. Protection against Hydrostatic Pressure
- 5.7.2.1. Application
- 5.7.2.2. Design of Building Elements Under Hydrostatic Loads
- 5.7.2.3. Required Protection
- 5.7.3. Protection against Ground Water
- 5.7.3.1. Application
- 5.7.3.2. Required Protection
- 5.7.3.3. Waterproofing
- 5.7.3.4. Where Dampproofing is Permitted
- 5.7.1. Site Factors
- Section 5.8. Sound Transmission
- 5.8.1. Protection from Airborne Noise
- 5.8.1.1. Required Protection
- 5.8.1.2. Determination of Sound Transmission Ratings
- 5.8.1.3. Compliance with Required Ratings
- 5.8.1.4. Detailed Method for Calculating ASTC
- 5.8.1.5. Simplified Method for Calculating ASTC
- 5.8.1. Protection from Airborne Noise
- Section 5.9. Standards
- 5.9.1. Applicable Standards
- 5.9.1.1. Compliance with Applicable Standards
- 5.9.2. Windows, Doors and Skylights
- 5.9.2.1. General
- 5.9.2.2. Applicable Standards
- 5.9.2.3. Structural and Environmental Loads, Air Leakage and Water Penetration
- 5.9.2.4. Heat Transfer
- 5.9.3. Other Fenestration Assemblies
- 5.9.3.1. General
- 5.9.3.2. Structural and Environmental Loads
- 5.9.3.3. Heat Transfer
- 5.9.3.4. Air Leakage
- 5.9.3.5. Water Penetration
- 5.9.4. Exterior Insulation Finish Systems
- 5.9.4.1. Structural Loads, Heat Transfer, Air Leakage, Vapour Diffusion and Water Penetration
- 5.9.1. Applicable Standards
- Section 5.1. General
- Part 6 - Heating, Ventilating and Air-conditioning
- Section 6.1. General
- 6.1.1. Application
- 6.1.1.1. Scope
- 6.1.1.2. Application
- 6.1.2. Definitions
- 6.1.2.1. Defined Terms
- 6.1.3. Plans and Specifications
- 6.1.3.1. Required Plans and Specifications
- 6.1.1. Application
- Section 6.2. Planning
- 6.2.1. General
- 6.2.1.1. Good Engineering Practice
- 6.2.1.2. Outdoor Design Conditions
- 6.2.1.3. Expansion, Contraction and System Pressure
- 6.2.1.4. Structural Movement
- 6.2.1.5. Installation Standards
- 6.2.1.6. Installation – General
- 6.2.1.7. Asbestos
- 6.2.2. Incinerators
- 6.2.2.1. Applicable Standard
- 6.2.3. Solid Fuel Storage
- 6.2.3.1. Solid Fuel Storage Bins
- 6.2.1. General
- Section 6.3. Ventilation Systems
- 6.3.1. Ventilation
- 6.3.1.1. Required Ventilation
- 6.3.1.2. Crawl Spaces and Attic or Roof Spaces
- 6.3.1.3. Natural Ventilation
- 6.3.1.4. Ventilation of Storage Garages
- 6.3.1.5. Heat Recovery Ventilators
- 6.3.1.6. Indoor Air Contaminants
- 6.3.1.7. Commercial Cooking Equipment
- 6.3.2. Air Duct Systems
- 6.3.2.1. Application
- 6.3.2.2. Drain Pans
- 6.3.2.3. Materials in Air Duct Systems
- 6.3.2.4. Connections in Air Duct Systems
- 6.3.2.5. Duct Coverings and Linings
- 6.3.2.6. Clearance of Ducts and Plenums
- 6.3.2.7. Interconnection of Systems
- 6.3.2.8. Makeup Air
- 6.3.2.9. Supply, Return, Intake and Exhaust Air Openings
- 6.3.2.10. Exhaust Ducts and Outlets
- 6.3.2.11. Return-Air System
- 6.3.2.12. Underground Ducts
- 6.3.2.13. Filters
- 6.3.2.14. Cleaning Devices
- 6.3.2.15. Evaporative Cooling Towers, Evaporative Fluid Coolers and Evaporative Condensers
- 6.3.2.16. Evaporative Air Coolers, Misters, Atomizers, Air Washers and Humidifiers
- 6.3.2.17. Fans and Associated Air-Handling Equipment
- 6.3.2.18. Vibration Isolation Connectors
- 6.3.2.19. Tape
- 6.3.3. Chimneys and Venting Equipment
- 6.3.3.1. Requirement for Venting
- 6.3.3.2. Masonry or Concrete Chimneys
- 6.3.3.3. Metal Smoke Stacks
- 6.3.3.4. Access Ladders
- 6.3.4. Ventilation for Laboratories
- 6.3.4.1. Application
- 6.3.4.2. General Ventilation
- 6.3.4.3. Enclosure Exhaust Ventilation
- 6.3.4.4. Enclosure Construction
- 6.3.1. Ventilation
- Section 6.4. Heating Systems
- 6.4.1. Heating Appliances, General
- 6.4.1.1. Location of Appliances
- 6.4.1.2. Appliances Installed Outside the Building
- 6.4.2. Unit Heaters
- 6.4.2.1. Clearances
- 6.4.3. Radiators and Convectors
- 6.4.3.1. Lining or Backing
- 6.4.1. Heating Appliances, General
- Section 6.5. Thermal Insulation Systems
- 6.5.1. Insulation
- 6.5.1.1. Insulation and Coverings
- 6.5.1. Insulation
- Section 6.6. Refrigeration and Cooling Systems
- 6.6.1. Refrigerating Systems and Equipment for Air-conditioning
- 6.6.1.1. Cooling Units
- 6.6.1. Refrigerating Systems and Equipment for Air-conditioning
- Section 6.7. Piping Systems
- 6.7.1. Piping for Heating and Cooling Systems
- 6.7.1.1. Piping Materials and Installation
- 6.7.1.2. Clearances
- 6.7.1.3. Surface Temperature
- 6.7.1.4. Protection
- 6.7.1.5. Piping in Shafts
- 6.7.2. Storage Bins
- 6.7.2.1. Storage Bins
- 6.7.1. Piping for Heating and Cooling Systems
- Section 6.8. Equipment Access
- 6.8.1. Openings
- 6.8.1.1. Access Openings
- 6.8.1.2. Openings in Air Duct Systems
- 6.8.1.3. Odour Removal Equipment
- 6.8.1. Openings
- Section 6.9. Fire Safety Systems
- 6.9.1. General
- 6.9.1.1. Fire Safety Requirements
- 6.9.1.2. Hazardous Gases, Dusts or Liquids
- 6.9.1.3. Commercial Cooking Equipment
- 6.9.2. Dampers and Ductwork
- 6.9.2.1. Fire Dampers
- 6.9.2.2. Smoke Detectors
- 6.9.2.3. Exhaust Ducts and Outlets
- 6.9.2.4. Ducts in Exits
- 6.9.3. Carbon Monoxide Alarms
- 6.9.3.1. Carbon Monoxide Alarms
- 6.9.4. Ash Storage
- 6.9.4.1. Ash Storage Bins
- 6.9.4.2. Fireplaces
- 6.9.1. General
- Section 6.1. General
- Part 7 - Plumbing Services
- Section 7.1. General
- 7.1.1. Scope
- 7.1.1.1. Scope
- 7.1.1.2. Application
- 7.1.2. Design and Installation
- 7.1.2.1. Conformance with Regulations or National Plumbing Code
- 7.1.3. Required Facilities
- 7.1.3.1. All Buildings Except Dwelling Units
- 7.1.3.2. Dwelling Units
- 7.1.4. Definitions
- 7.1.4.1. Defined Terms
- 7.1.1. Scope
- Section 7.1. General
- Part 8 - Safety Measures at Construction and Demolition Sites
- Section 8.1. General
- 8.1.1. Scope
- 8.1.1.1. Scope
- 8.1.1.2. Definitions
- 8.1.1.3. Demolition Procedures
- 8.1.2. Application
- 8.1.2.1. Application
- 8.1.2.2. Protection from Risk
- 8.1.1. Scope
- Section 8.2. Protection of the Public
- 8.2.1. Fencing and Barricades
- 8.2.1.1. Covered Way Exceptions
- 8.2.1.2. Covered Way Construction
- 8.2.1.3. Fencing, Boarding or Barricades
- 8.2.1.4. Special Hazards
- 8.2.1.5. Work Shutdown
- 8.2.2. Excavation
- 8.2.2.1. Water Removal
- 8.2.2.2. Protection of Adjoining Property
- 8.2.3. Use of Streets or Public Property
- 8.2.3.1. Safe Passage Past Site
- 8.2.3.2. Overhead Activities
- 8.2.3.3. Barricades
- 8.2.3.4. Restoration and Repair
- 8.2.3.5. Warning Lights
- 8.2.4. Direction of Vehicular Traffic
- 8.2.4.1. Hazards to Vehicular Traffic
- 8.2.4.2. Flags Used for Directing Traffic
- 8.2.4.3. Signs Used for Directing Traffic
- 8.2.4.4. Worker Directing Traffic
- 8.2.4.5. Clothing While Directing Traffic
- 8.2.5. Waste Material
- 8.2.5.1. Control of Waste Material
- 8.2.5.2. Removal of Waste Material
- 8.2.5.3. Enclosures for Waste Material
- 8.2.5.4. Chutes for Waste Material
- 8.2.1. Fencing and Barricades
- Section 8.1. General
- Part 9 - Housing and Small Buildings
- Section 9.1. General
- 9.1.1. Application
- 9.1.1.1. Application
- 9.1.2. Limits on Floor Area
- 9.1.2.1. Floor Area Limits for Secondary Suites
- 9.1.1. Application
- Section 9.2. Definitions
- 9.2.1. General
- 9.2.1.1. Defined Words
- 9.2.1. General
- Section 9.3. Materials, Systems and Equipment
- 9.3.1. Concrete
- 9.3.1.1. General
- 9.3.1.2. Cement
- 9.3.1.3. Concrete in Contact with Sulphate Soil
- 9.3.1.4. Aggregates
- 9.3.1.5. Water
- 9.3.1.6. Compressive Strength
- 9.3.1.7. Concrete Mixes
- 9.3.1.8. Admixtures
- 9.3.1.9. Cold Weather Requirements
- 9.3.2. Lumber and Wood Products
- 9.3.2.1. Grade Marking
- 9.3.2.2. Lumber Grades
- 9.3.2.3. Machine Stress Rated Lumber
- 9.3.2.4. OSB, Waferboard and Plywood Marking
- 9.3.2.5. Moisture Content
- 9.3.2.6. Lumber Dimensions
- 9.3.2.7. Panel Thickness Tolerances
- 9.3.2.8. Undersized Lumber
- 9.3.2.9. Termite and Decay Protection
- 9.3.3. Metal
- 9.3.3.1. Sheet Metal Thickness
- 9.3.3.2. Galvanized Sheet Steel
- 9.3.1. Concrete
- Section 9.4. Structural Requirements
- 9.4.1. Structural Design Requirements and Application Limitations
- 9.4.1.1. General
- 9.4.2. Specified Loads
- 9.4.2.1. Application
- 9.4.2.2. Specified Snow Loads
- 9.4.2.3. Platforms Subject to Snow and Occupancy Loads
- 9.4.2.4. Attics and Roof Spaces
- 9.4.3. Deflections
- 9.4.3.1. Deflections
- 9.4.4. Foundation Conditions
- 9.4.4.1. Allowable Bearing Pressures
- 9.4.4.2. Foundation Capacity in Weaker Soil and Rock
- 9.4.4.3. High Water Table
- 9.4.4.4. Soil Movement
- 9.4.4.5. Retaining Walls
- 9.4.4.6. Walls Supporting Drained Earth
- 9.4.1. Structural Design Requirements and Application Limitations
- Section 9.5. Design of Areas and Spaces
- 9.5.1. General
- 9.5.1.1. Method of Measurement
- 9.5.1.2. Combination Rooms
- 9.5.2. Barrier-Free Design
- 9.5.2.1. General
- 9.5.2.2. Protection on Floor Areas with a Barrier-Free Path of Travel
- 9.5.2.3. Exception for Apartment Buildings
- 9.5.3. Ceiling Heights
- 9.5.3.1. Ceiling Heights of Rooms or Spaces
- 9.5.3.2. Mezzanines
- 9.5.3.3. Storage Garages
- 9.5.4. Hallways
- 9.5.4.1. Hallway Width
- 9.5.5. Doorway Sizes
- 9.5.5.1. Doorway Opening Sizes
- 9.5.5.2. Doorways to Public Water-Closet Rooms
- 9.5.5.3. Doorways to Rooms with a Bathtub, Shower or Water Closet
- 9.5.1. General
- Section 9.6. Glass
- 9.6.1. General
- 9.6.1.1. Application
- 9.6.1.2. Material Standards for Glass
- 9.6.1.3. Structural Sufficiency of Glass
- 9.6.1.4. Types of Glass and Protection of Glass
- 9.6.1. General
- Section 9.7. Windows, Doors and Skylights
- 9.7.1. General
- 9.7.1.1. Application
- 9.7.2. Required Windows, Doors and Skylights
- 9.7.2.1. Entrance Doors
- 9.7.2.2. Other Requirements for Windows, Doors and Skylights
- 9.7.3. Performance of Windows, Doors and Skylights
- 9.7.3.1. General Performance Expectations
- 9.7.3.2. Heat Transfer Performance
- 9.7.3.3. Thermal Characteristics of Windows, Doors and Skylights
- 9.7.4. Manufactured Windows, Doors and Skylights
- 9.7.4.1. Application
- 9.7.4.2. General
- 9.7.4.3. Performance Requirements
- 9.7.5. Site-built Windows, Doors and Skylights
- 9.7.5.1. Application and Compliance
- 9.7.5.2. Resistance to Forced Entry for Doors
- 9.7.5.3. Resistance to Forced Entry for Windows
- 9.7.6. Installation
- 9.7.6.1. Installation of Windows, Doors and Skylights
- 9.7.6.2. Sealants, Trim and Flashing
- 9.7.1. General
- Section 9.8. Stairs, Ramps, Handrails and Guards
- 9.8.1. Application
- 9.8.1.1. General
- 9.8.1.2. Stairs, Ramps, Landings, Handrails and Guards in Garages
- 9.8.1.3. Exit Stairs, Ramps and Landings
- 9.8.1.4. Escalators and Moving Walkways
- 9.8.2. Stair Dimensions
- 9.8.2.1. Stair Width
- 9.8.2.2. Height over Stairs
- 9.8.3. Stair Configurations
- 9.8.3.1. Permitted Configurations
- 9.8.3.2. Minimum Number of Risers
- 9.8.3.3. Maximum Height of Stairs
- 9.8.4. Step Dimensions
- 9.8.4.1. Dimensions for Risers
- 9.8.4.2. Dimensions for Rectangular Treads
- 9.8.4.3. Dimensions of Tapered Treads
- 9.8.4.4. Uniformity and Tolerances for Risers, Runs and Treads
- 9.8.4.5. Uniformity of Runs in Flights with Mixed Treads within Dwelling Units
- 9.8.4.6. Winders
- 9.8.4.7. Spiral Stairs
- 9.8.4.8. Tread Nosings
- 9.8.5. Ramps
- 9.8.5.1. Application
- 9.8.5.2. Ramp Width
- 9.8.5.3. Height over Ramps
- 9.8.5.4. Ramp Slope
- 9.8.5.5. Maximum Rise
- 9.8.6. Landings
- 9.8.6.1. Application
- 9.8.6.2. Required Landings
- 9.8.6.3. Dimensions of Landings
- 9.8.6.4. Height over Landings
- 9.8.7. Handrails
- 9.8.7.1. Required Handrails
- 9.8.7.2. Continuity of Handrails
- 9.8.7.3. Termination of Handrails
- 9.8.7.4. Height of Handrails
- 9.8.7.5. Ergonomic Design
- 9.8.7.6. Projections into Stairs and Ramps
- 9.8.7.7. Design and Attachment of Handrails
- 9.8.8. Guards
- 9.8.8.1. Required Guards
- 9.8.8.2. Loads on Guards
- 9.8.8.3. Height of Guards
- 9.8.8.4. Guards for Floors and Ramps in Garages
- 9.8.8.5. Openings in Guards
- 9.8.8.6. Design of Guards to Not Facilitate Climbing
- 9.8.8.7. Glass in Guards
- 9.8.9. Construction
- 9.8.9.1. Loads on Stairs and Ramps
- 9.8.9.2. Exterior Concrete Stairs
- 9.8.9.3. Exterior Wood Steps
- 9.8.9.4. Wooden Stair Stringers
- 9.8.9.5. Treads
- 9.8.9.6. Finish for Treads and Landings
- 9.8.10. Cantilevered Precast Concrete Steps
- 9.8.10.1. Design
- 9.8.10.2. Anchorage
- 9.8.10.3. Prevention of Damage Due to Frost
- 9.8.1. Application
- Section 9.9. Means of Egress
- 9.9.1. General
- 9.9.1.1. Application
- 9.9.1.2. Fire Protection
- 9.9.1.3. Occupant Load
- 9.9.2. Types and Purpose of Exits
- 9.9.2.1. Types of Exits
- 9.9.2.2. Purpose of Exits
- 9.9.2.3. Elevators, Slide Escapes and Windows as Means of Egress
- 9.9.2.4. Principal Entrances
- 9.9.3. Dimensions of Means of Egress
- 9.9.3.1. Application
- 9.9.3.2. Exit Width
- 9.9.3.3. Width of Corridors
- 9.9.3.4. Clear Height
- 9.9.4. Fire Protection of Exits
- 9.9.4.1. Application
- 9.9.4.2. Fire Separations for Exits
- 9.9.4.3. Wired Glass or Glass Block
- 9.9.4.4. Openings Near Unenclosed Exterior Exit Stairs and Ramps
- 9.9.4.5. Openings in Exterior Walls of Exits
- 9.9.4.6. Openings Near Exit Doors
- 9.9.4.7. Stairways in 2 Storey, Group D or E Buildings
- 9.9.5. Obstructions and Hazards in Means of Egress
- 9.9.5.1. Application
- 9.9.5.2. Occupancies in Corridors
- 9.9.5.3. Obstructions in Public Corridors
- 9.9.5.4. Obstructions in Exits
- 9.9.5.5. Obstructions in Means of Egress
- 9.9.5.6. Mirrors or Draperies
- 9.9.5.7. Fuel-Fired Appliances
- 9.9.5.8. Service Rooms
- 9.9.5.9. Ancillary Rooms
- 9.9.6. Doors in a Means of Egress
- 9.9.6.1. Obstructions by Doors
- 9.9.6.2. Clear Opening Height at Doorways
- 9.9.6.3. Clear Opening Width at Doorways
- 9.9.6.4. Door Action
- 9.9.6.5. Direction of Door Swing
- 9.9.6.6. Nearness of Doors to Stairs
- 9.9.6.7. Door Latching, Locking and Opening Mechanisms
- 9.9.6.8. Effort Required to Open
- 9.9.7. Access to Exits
- 9.9.7.1. Egress from Roof Area, Podiums, Terraces, Platforms and Contained Open Spaces
- 9.9.7.2. Means of Egress from Suites
- 9.9.7.3. Dead-End Corridors
- 9.9.7.4. Number and Spacing of Egress Doors
- 9.9.7.5. Independent Access to Exit
- 9.9.7.6. Travel Distance within Rooms and Suites
- 9.9.8. Exits from Floor Areas
- 9.9.8.1. Measurement of Travel Distance
- 9.9.8.2. Number of Required Exits
- 9.9.8.3. Contribution of Each Exit
- 9.9.8.4. Location of Exits
- 9.9.8.5. Exiting through a Lobby
- 9.9.8.6. Mezzanine Means of Egress
- 9.9.9. Egress from Dwelling Units
- 9.9.9.1. Travel Limit to Exits or Egress Doors
- 9.9.9.2. Two Separate Exits
- 9.9.9.3. Shared Egress Facilities
- 9.9.10. Egress from Bedrooms
- 9.9.10.1. Egress Windows or Doors for Bedrooms
- 9.9.11. Signs
- 9.9.11.1. Application
- 9.9.11.2. Visibility of Exits
- 9.9.11.3. Exit Signs
- 9.9.11.4. Signs for Stairs and Ramps at Exit Level
- 9.9.11.5. Floor Numbering
- 9.9.12. Lighting
- 9.9.12.1. Application
- 9.9.12.2. Required Lighting in Egress Facilities
- 9.9.12.3. Emergency Lighting
- 9.9.1. General
- Section 9.10. Fire Protection
- 9.10.1. Definitions and Application
- 9.10.1.1. Sloped Roofs
- 9.10.1.2. Testing of Integrated Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems
- 9.10.1.3. Items under Part 3 Jurisdiction
- 9.10.1.4. Items under Part 6 Jurisdiction
- 9.10.2. Occupancy Classification
- 9.10.2.1. Occupancy Classification
- 9.10.2.2. Custodial and Convalescent Homes
- 9.10.2.3. Major Occupancies above Other Major Occupancies
- 9.10.2.4. Buildings Containing More Than One Major Occupancy
- 9.10.3. Ratings
- 9.10.3.1. Fire-Resistance and Fire-Protection Ratings
- 9.10.3.2. Flame-Spread Ratings
- 9.10.3.3. Fire Exposure
- 9.10.3.4. Suspended Membrane Ceilings
- 9.10.4. Building Size Determination
- 9.10.4.1. Mezzanines not Considered as Storeys
- 9.10.4.2. More Than One Level of Mezzanine
- 9.10.4.3. Basement Storage Garages
- 9.10.4.4. Roof-Top Enclosures
- 9.10.5. Permitted Openings in Wall and Ceiling Membranes
- 9.10.5.1. Permitted Openings in Wall and Ceiling Membranes
- 9.10.6. Construction Types
- 9.10.6.1. Combustible Elements in Noncombustible Construction
- 9.10.6.2. Heavy Timber Construction
- 9.10.7. Steel Members
- 9.10.7.1. Protection of Steel Members
- 9.10.8. Fire Resistance and Combustibility in Relation to Occupancy,
Height and Supported Elements
- 9.10.8.1. Fire-Resistance Ratings for Floors and Roofs
- 9.10.8.2. Fire-Resistance Ratings in Sprinklered Buildings
- 9.10.8.3. Fire-Resistance Ratings for Walls, Columns and Arches
- 9.10.8.4. Support of Noncombustible Construction
- 9.10.8.5. Service Rooms
- 9.10.8.6. Mezzanines
- 9.10.8.7. Roofs Supporting an Occupancy
- 9.10.8.8. Floors of Exterior Passageways
- 9.10.8.9. Crawl Spaces
- 9.10.8.10. Application to Houses
- 9.10.8.11. Part 3 as an Alternative
- 9.10.9. Fire Separations and Smoke-tight Barriers between Rooms and
Spaces within Buildings
- 9.10.9.1. Application
- 9.10.9.2. Continuous Barrier
- 9.10.9.3. Openings to be Protected with Closures
- 9.10.9.4. Floor Assemblies
- 9.10.9.5. Interconnected Floor Spaces
- 9.10.9.6. Penetration of Fire Separations
- 9.10.9.7. Combustible Drain, Waste and Vent Piping
- 9.10.9.8. Collapse of Combustible Construction
- 9.10.9.9. Reduction in Thickness of Fire Separation by Beams and Joists
- 9.10.9.10. Concealed Spaces above Fire Separations
- 9.10.9.11. Separation of Residential Occupancies
- 9.10.9.12. Residential Suites in Industrial Buildings
- 9.10.9.13. Separation of Suites
- 9.10.9.14. Separation of Residential Suites
- 9.10.9.15. Separation of Public Corridors
- 9.10.9.16. Separation of Storage Garages
- 9.10.9.17. Separation of Repair Garages
- 9.10.9.18. Exhaust Ducts Serving More Than One Fire Compartment
- 9.10.9.19. Central Vacuum Systems
- 9.10.10. Service Rooms
- 9.10.10.1. Application
- 9.10.10.2. Service Room Floors
- 9.10.10.3. Separation of Service Rooms
- 9.10.10.4. Location of Fuel-Fired Appliances
- 9.10.10.5. Incinerators
- 9.10.10.6. Storage Rooms
- 9.10.11. Firewalls
- 9.10.11.1. Required Firewalls
- 9.10.11.2. Firewalls Not Required
- 9.10.11.3. Construction of Firewalls
- 9.10.12. Prevention of Fire Spread at Exterior Walls and between Storeys
- 9.10.12.1. Termination of Floors or Mezzanines
- 9.10.12.2. Location of Skylights
- 9.10.12.3. Exterior Walls Meeting at an Angle
- 9.10.12.4. Protection of Soffits
- 9.10.13. Doors, Dampers and Other Closures in Fire Separations
- 9.10.13.1. Closures
- 9.10.13.2. Solid Core Wood Door as a Closure
- 9.10.13.3. Unrated Wood Door Frames
- 9.10.13.4. Doors as a Means of Egress
- 9.10.13.5. Wired Glass as a Closure
- 9.10.13.6. Steel Door Frames
- 9.10.13.7. Glass Block as a Closure
- 9.10.13.8. Maximum Size of Opening
- 9.10.13.9. Door Latch
- 9.10.13.10. Self-closing Device
- 9.10.13.11. Hold-Open Devices
- 9.10.13.12. Service Room Doors
- 9.10.13.13. Fire Dampers
- 9.10.13.14. Fire Stop Flaps
- 9.10.13.15. Doors between Garages and Dwelling Units
- 9.10.13.16. Door Stops
- 9.10.14. Spatial Separation Between Buildings
- 9.10.14.1. Application
- 9.10.14.2. Area and Location of Exposing Building Face
- 9.10.14.3. Limiting Distance and Fire Department Response
- 9.10.14.4. Openings in Exposing Building Face
- 9.10.14.5. Construction of Exposing Building Face and Walls above Exposing Building Face
- 9.10.15. Spatial Separation Between Houses
- 9.10.15.1. Application
- 9.10.15.2. Area and Location of Exposing Building Face
- 9.10.15.3. Limiting Distance and Fire Department Response
- 9.10.15.4. Glazed Openings in Exposing Building Face
- 9.10.15.5. Construction of Exposing Building Face of Houses
- 9.10.16. Fire Blocks
- 9.10.16.1. Required Fire Blocks in Concealed Spaces
- 9.10.16.2. Required Fire Blocks in Wall Assemblies
- 9.10.16.3. Fire Block Materials
- 9.10.16.4. Penetration of Fire Blocks
- 9.10.17. Flame-Spread Limits
- 9.10.17.1. Flame-Spread Rating of Interior Surfaces
- 9.10.17.2. Ceilings in Exits or Public Corridors
- 9.10.17.3. Walls in Exits
- 9.10.17.4. Exterior Exit Passageways
- 9.10.17.5. Walls in Public Corridors
- 9.10.17.6. Calculation of Wall and Ceiling Areas
- 9.10.17.7. Corridors Containing an Occupancy
- 9.10.17.8. Light Diffusers and Lenses
- 9.10.17.9. Combustible Skylights
- 9.10.17.10. Protection of Foamed Plastics
- 9.10.17.11. Walls and Ceilings in Bathrooms
- 9.10.17.12. Coverings or Linings of Ducts
- 9.10.18. Alarm and Detection Systems
- 9.10.18.1. Access Provided through a Firewall
- 9.10.18.2. Fire Alarm System Required
- 9.10.18.3. Design and Installation Requirements
- 9.10.18.4. Rooms and Spaces Requiring Heat Detectors or Smoke Detectors
- 9.10.18.5. Smoke Detectors in Recirculating Air-Handling Systems
- 9.10.18.6. Portions of Buildings Considered as Separate Buildings
- 9.10.18.7. Central Vacuum Systems
- 9.10.18.8. Open-Air Storage Garages
- 9.10.19. Smoke Alarms
- 9.10.19.1. Required Smoke Alarms
- 9.10.19.2. Sound Patterns of Smoke Alarms
- 9.10.19.3. Location of Smoke Alarms
- 9.10.19.4. Power Supply
- 9.10.19.5. Interconnection of Smoke Alarms
- 9.10.19.6. Silencing of Smoke Alarms
- 9.10.19.7. Instructions for Maintenance and Care
- 9.10.19.8. Residential Fire Warning Systems
- 9.10.20. Firefighting
- 9.10.20.1. Windows or Access Panels Required
- 9.10.20.2. Access to Basements
- 9.10.20.3. Fire Department Access to Buildings
- 9.10.20.4. Portable Extinguishers
- 9.10.20.5. Freeze Protection of Fire Protection Systems
- 9.10.21. Fire Protection for Construction Camps
- 9.10.21.1. Requirements for Construction Camps
- 9.10.21.2. Separation of Sleeping Rooms
- 9.10.21.3. Floor Assemblies between the First and Second Storey
- 9.10.21.4. Walkways Connecting Buildings
- 9.10.21.5. Spatial Separations
- 9.10.21.6. Flame-Spread Ratings
- 9.10.21.7. Smoke Detectors
- 9.10.21.8. Portable Fire Extinguishers
- 9.10.21.9. Hose Stations
- 9.10.22. Fire Protection for Gas, Propane and Electric Cooktops and
Ovens
- 9.10.22.1. Installation of Cooktops and Ovens
- 9.10.22.2. Vertical Clearances above Cooktops
- 9.10.22.3. Protection around Cooktops
- 9.10.1. Definitions and Application
- Section 9.11. Sound Transmission
- 9.11.1. Protection from Airborne Noise
- 9.11.1.1. Required Protection
- 9.11.1.2. Determination of Sound Transmission Ratings
- 9.11.1.3. Compliance with Required Ratings
- 9.11.1.4. Adjoining Constructions
- 9.11.1. Protection from Airborne Noise
- Section 9.12. Excavation
- 9.12.1. General
- 9.12.1.1. Removal of Topsoil and Organic Matter
- 9.12.1.2. Standing Water
- 9.12.1.3. Protection from Freezing
- 9.12.2. Depth
- 9.12.2.1. Excavation to Undisturbed Soil
- 9.12.2.2. Minimum Depth of Foundations
- 9.12.3. Backfill
- 9.12.3.1. Placement of Backfill
- 9.12.3.2. Grading of Backfill
- 9.12.3.3. Deleterious Debris and Boulders
- 9.12.4. Trenches beneath Footings
- 9.12.4.1. Support of Footings
- 9.12.1. General
- Section 9.13. Dampproofing, Waterproofing and Soil Gas Control
- 9.13.1. General
- 9.13.1.1. Scope and Application
- 9.13.2. Dampproofing
- 9.13.2.1. Required Dampproofing
- 9.13.2.2. Dampproofing Materials
- 9.13.2.3. Preparation of Surface
- 9.13.2.4. Application of Dampproofing Material
- 9.13.2.5. Moisture Protection for Interior Finishes
- 9.13.2.6. Dampproofing of Floors-on-Ground
- 9.13.3. Waterproofing
- 9.13.3.1. Required Waterproofing
- 9.13.3.2. Waterproofing Materials
- 9.13.3.3. Preparation of Surface
- 9.13.3.4. Application of Waterproofing Membranes
- 9.13.3.5. Floor Waterproofing System
- 9.13.4. Soil Gas Control
- 9.13.4.1. Application and Scope
- 9.13.4.2. Protection from Soil Gas Ingress
- 9.13.4.3. Providing for the Rough-in for a Subfloor Depressurization System
- 9.13.1. General
- Section 9.14. Drainage
- 9.14.1. Scope
- 9.14.1.1. Application
- 9.14.1.2. Crawl Spaces
- 9.14.1.3. Floors-on-Ground
- 9.14.2. Foundation Drainage
- 9.14.2.1. Foundation Wall Drainage
- 9.14.3. Drainage Tile and Pipe
- 9.14.3.1. Material Standards
- 9.14.3.2. Minimum Size
- 9.14.3.3. Installation
- 9.14.4. Granular Drainage Layer
- 9.14.4.1. Type of Granular Material
- 9.14.4.2. Installation
- 9.14.4.3. Grading
- 9.14.4.4. Wet Site Conditions
- 9.14.5. Drainage Disposal
- 9.14.5.1. Drainage Disposal
- 9.14.5.2. Sump Pits
- 9.14.5.3. Dry Wells
- 9.14.6. Surface Drainage
- 9.14.6.1. Surface Drainage
- 9.14.6.2. Drainage away from Wells or Septic Disposal Beds
- 9.14.6.3. Window Wells
- 9.14.6.4. Catch Basin
- 9.14.6.5. Downspouts
- 9.14.1. Scope
- Section 9.15. Footings and Foundations
- 9.15.1. Application
- 9.15.1.1. General
- 9.15.1.2. Permafrost
- 9.15.1.3. Foundations for Deformation-Resistant Buildings
- 9.15.2. General
- 9.15.2.1. Concrete
- 9.15.2.2. Unit Masonry Construction
- 9.15.2.3. Pier-Type Foundations
- 9.15.2.4. Wood-Frame Foundations
- 9.15.3. Footings
- 9.15.3.1. Footings Required
- 9.15.3.2. Support of Footings
- 9.15.3.3. Application of Footing Width and Area Requirements
- 9.15.3.4. Basic Footing Widths and Areas
- 9.15.3.5. Adjustments to Footing Widths for Exterior Walls
- 9.15.3.6. Adjustments to Footing Widths for Interior Walls
- 9.15.3.7. Adjustments to Footing Area for Columns
- 9.15.3.8. Footing Thickness
- 9.15.3.9. Step Footings
- 9.15.4. Foundation Walls
- 9.15.4.1. Permanent Form Material
- 9.15.4.2. Foundation Wall Thickness and Required Lateral Support
- 9.15.4.3. Foundation Walls Considered to be Laterally Supported at the Top
- 9.15.4.4. Foundation Walls Considered to be Laterally Supported at the Bottom
- 9.15.4.5. Reinforcement for Flat Insulating Concrete Form Foundation Walls
- 9.15.4.6. Extension above Ground Level
- 9.15.4.7. Reduction in Thickness
- 9.15.4.8. Corbelling
- 9.15.4.9. Crack Control Joints
- 9.15.4.10. Interior Masonry Walls
- 9.15.5. Support of Joists and Beams on Masonry Foundation Walls
- 9.15.5.1. Support of Floor Joists
- 9.15.5.2. Support of Beams
- 9.15.5.3. Pilasters
- 9.15.6. Parging and Finishing of Masonry Foundation Walls
- 9.15.6.1. Foundation Walls below Ground
- 9.15.6.2. Foundation Walls above Ground
- 9.15.6.3. Form Ties
- 9.15.1. Application
- Section 9.16. Floors-on-Ground
- 9.16.1. Scope
- 9.16.1.1. Application
- 9.16.1.2. Structural Floors
- 9.16.1.3. Required Floors-on-Ground
- 9.16.1.4. Dampproofing and Waterproofing
- 9.16.2. Material beneath Floors
- 9.16.2.1. Required Installation of Granular Material
- 9.16.2.2. Support of Floors
- 9.16.3. Drainage
- 9.16.3.1. Control of Water Ingress
- 9.16.3.2. Hydrostatic Pressure
- 9.16.3.3. Floor Drains
- 9.16.4. Concrete
- 9.16.4.1. Surface Finish
- 9.16.4.2. Topping Course
- 9.16.4.3. Thickness
- 9.16.4.4. Bond Break
- 9.16.5. Wood
- 9.16.5.1. Wood-Frame Floors
- 9.16.1. Scope
- Section 9.17. Columns
- 9.17.1. Scope
- 9.17.1.1. Application
- 9.17.2. General
- 9.17.2.1. Location
- 9.17.2.2. Lateral Support
- 9.17.3. Steel Columns
- 9.17.3.1. Size and Thickness
- 9.17.3.2. End Bearing Plates
- 9.17.3.3. Paint
- 9.17.3.4. Design of Steel Columns
- 9.17.4. Wood Columns
- 9.17.4.1. Column Sizes
- 9.17.4.2. Materials
- 9.17.4.3. Columns in Contact with Concrete
- 9.17.5. Unit Masonry Columns
- 9.17.5.1. Materials
- 9.17.5.2. Sizes
- 9.17.6. Solid Concrete Columns
- 9.17.6.1. Materials
- 9.17.6.2. Sizes
- 9.17.1. Scope
- Section 9.18. Crawl Spaces
- 9.18.1. General
- 9.18.1.1. Application
- 9.18.1.2. Foundations
- 9.18.1.3. Heated and Unheated Crawl Spaces
- 9.18.2. Access
- 9.18.2.1. Access Openings
- 9.18.3. Ventilation
- 9.18.3.1. Ventilation of Unheated Crawl Spaces
- 9.18.3.2. Ventilation of Heated Crawl Spaces
- 9.18.4. Clearance
- 9.18.4.1. Access Way to Services
- 9.18.5. Drainage
- 9.18.5.1. Drainage
- 9.18.6. Ground Cover
- 9.18.6.1. Ground Cover in Unheated Crawl Spaces
- 9.18.6.2. Ground Cover in Heated Crawl Spaces
- 9.18.7. Fire Protection
- 9.18.7.1. Crawl Spaces as Warm Air Plenums
- 9.18.1. General
- Section 9.19. Roof Spaces
- 9.19.1. Venting
- 9.19.1.1. Required Venting
- 9.19.1.2. Vent Requirements
- 9.19.1.3. Clearances
- 9.19.1.4. Mansard or Gambrel Roof
- 9.19.2. Access
- 9.19.2.1. Access
- 9.19.1. Venting
- Section 9.20. Masonry and Insulating Concrete Form Walls Not In Contact with
the Ground
- 9.20.1. Application
- 9.20.1.1. General
- 9.20.1.2. Earthquake Reinforcement
- 9.20.2. Masonry Units
- 9.20.2.1. Masonry Unit Standards
- 9.20.2.2. Used Brick
- 9.20.2.3. Glass Blocks
- 9.20.2.4. Cellular Concrete
- 9.20.2.5. Stone
- 9.20.2.6. Concrete Blocks Exposed to the Weather
- 9.20.2.7. Compressive Strength
- 9.20.3. Mortar
- 9.20.3.1. Mortar Materials
- 9.20.3.2. Mortar and Grout Mixes
- 9.20.4. Mortar Joints
- 9.20.4.1. Thickness
- 9.20.4.2. Masonry Units
- 9.20.5. Masonry Support
- 9.20.5.1. Masonry Support
- 9.20.5.2. Lintels or Arches
- 9.20.6. Thickness and Height
- 9.20.6.1. Thickness of Exterior Walls
- 9.20.6.2. Cavity Walls
- 9.20.6.3. Thickness of Interior Walls
- 9.20.6.4. Masonry Veneer
- 9.20.6.5. Parapet Walls
- 9.20.6.6. Stone or Concrete Facings
- 9.20.7. Chases and Recesses
- 9.20.7.1. Maximum Dimensions
- 9.20.7.2. Minimum Wall Thickness
- 9.20.7.3. Separation of Chases or Recesses
- 9.20.7.4. Non-Conforming Chases or Recesses
- 9.20.7.5. Chases or Recesses Cut into Walls
- 9.20.8. Support of Loads
- 9.20.8.1. Capping of Hollow Masonry Walls
- 9.20.8.2. Cavity Walls Supporting Framing Members
- 9.20.8.3. Bearing of Beams and Joists
- 9.20.8.4. Support of Beams and Columns
- 9.20.8.5. Projection of Masonry Veneer Beyond Supporting Members
- 9.20.9. Bonding and Tying
- 9.20.9.1. Joints to be Offset or Reinforced
- 9.20.9.2. Bonding or Tying of Other than Masonry Veneer
- 9.20.9.3. Bonding
- 9.20.9.4. Tying
- 9.20.9.5. Ties for Masonry Veneer
- 9.20.9.6. Reinforcing for Glass Block
- 9.20.10. Lateral Support
- 9.20.10.1. Lateral Support Required
- 9.20.11. Anchorage of Roofs, Floors and Intersecting Walls
- 9.20.11.1. Anchorage to Floor or Roof Assemblies where Masonry Walls Require Lateral Support
- 9.20.11.2. Bonding and Tying Intersecting Masonry Walls where Walls Require Lateral Support
- 9.20.11.3. Anchoring Intersecting Wood-Frame Walls to Masonry Walls
- 9.20.11.4. Anchoring Wood-Frame Roof Systems to Masonry Walls
- 9.20.11.5. Anchoring Masonry Cornices, Sills and Trim to Masonry Walls
- 9.20.11.6. Anchoring to Masonry Piers
- 9.20.12. Corbelling
- 9.20.12.1. Corbelling
- 9.20.12.2. Corbelling for Cavity Walls
- 9.20.12.3. Corbelling for Masonry Veneer
- 9.20.13. Control of Rainwater Penetration
- 9.20.13.1. Materials for Flashing
- 9.20.13.2. Fastening of Flashing
- 9.20.13.3. Location of Flashing
- 9.20.13.4. Extension of Flashing
- 9.20.13.5. Flashing for Weep Holes in Masonry/Masonry Walls
- 9.20.13.6. Flashing for Weep Holes in Masonry Veneer
- 9.20.13.7. Flashing Joints
- 9.20.13.8. Required Weep Holes
- 9.20.13.9. Protection of Interior Finish
- 9.20.13.10. Mortar Droppings
- 9.20.13.11. Caulking at Door and Window Frames
- 9.20.13.12. Drips beneath Window Sills
- 9.20.14. Protection during Work
- 9.20.14.1. Laying Temperature of Mortar and Masonry
- 9.20.14.2. Protection from Weather
- 9.20.15. Reinforcement for Earthquake Resistance
- 9.20.15.1. Amount of Reinforcement
- 9.20.15.2. Installation Standard
- 9.20.16. Corrosion Resistance
- 9.20.16.1. Corrosion Resistance of Connectors
- 9.20.17. Above-Ground Flat Insulating Concrete Form Walls
- 9.20.17.1. Thickness of Flat Insulating Concrete Form Walls
- 9.20.17.2. Reinforcement for Flat Insulating Concrete Form Walls
- 9.20.17.3. Openings in Non-Loadbearing Flat Insulating Concrete Form Walls
- 9.20.17.4. Openings in Loadbearing Flat Insulating Concrete Form Walls
- 9.20.17.5. Framing Supported on Flat Insulating Concrete Form Walls
- 9.20.17.6. Anchoring of Roof Framing to the Top of Flat Insulating Concrete Form Walls
- 9.20.17.7. Protection from Precipitation and Damage
- 9.20.1. Application
- Section 9.21. Masonry and Concrete Chimneys and Flues
- 9.21.1. General
- 9.21.1.1. Application
- 9.21.1.2. Chimney or Flue Pipe Walls
- 9.21.2. Chimney Flues
- 9.21.2.1. Chimney Flue Limitations
- 9.21.2.2. Connections of More Than One Appliance
- 9.21.2.3. Inclined Chimney Flues
- 9.21.2.4. Size of Chimney Flues
- 9.21.2.5. Fireplace Chimneys
- 9.21.2.6. Oval Chimney Flues
- 9.21.3. Chimney Lining
- 9.21.3.1. Lining Materials
- 9.21.3.2. Joints in Chimney Liners
- 9.21.3.3. Clay Liners
- 9.21.3.4. Firebrick Liners
- 9.21.3.5. Concrete Liners
- 9.21.3.6. Metal Liners
- 9.21.3.7. Installation of Chimney Liners
- 9.21.3.8. Spaces between Liners and Surrounding Masonry
- 9.21.3.9. Mortar for Chimney Liners
- 9.21.3.10. Extension of Chimney Liners
- 9.21.4. Masonry and Concrete Chimney Construction
- 9.21.4.1. Unit Masonry
- 9.21.4.2. Concrete
- 9.21.4.3. Footings
- 9.21.4.4. Height of Chimney Flues
- 9.21.4.5. Lateral Stability
- 9.21.4.6. Chimney Caps
- 9.21.4.7. Cleanout
- 9.21.4.8. Wall Thickness
- 9.21.4.9. Separation of Flue Liners
- 9.21.4.10. Flashing
- 9.21.5. Clearance from Combustible Construction
- 9.21.5.1. Clearance from Combustible Materials
- 9.21.5.2. Sealing of Spaces
- 9.21.5.3. Support of Joists or Beams
- 9.21.1. General
- Section 9.22. Fireplaces
- 9.22.1. General
- 9.22.1.1. Application
- 9.22.1.2. Masonry and Concrete
- 9.22.1.3. Footings
- 9.22.1.4. Combustion Air
- 9.22.2. Fireplace Liners
- 9.22.2.1. Brick or Steel Liners
- 9.22.2.2. Firebrick Liners
- 9.22.2.3. Steel Liners
- 9.22.3. Fireplace Walls
- 9.22.3.1. Thickness of Walls
- 9.22.4. Fire Chamber
- 9.22.4.1. Fire Chamber Dimensions
- 9.22.5. Hearth
- 9.22.5.1. Hearth Extension
- 9.22.5.2. Support of Hearth
- 9.22.6. Damper
- 9.22.6.1. Required Damper and Size
- 9.22.7. Smoke Chamber
- 9.22.7.1. Slope of Smoke Chamber
- 9.22.7.2. Wall Thickness
- 9.22.8. Factory-Built Fireplaces
- 9.22.8.1. Conformance to Standard
- 9.22.9. Clearance of Combustible Material
- 9.22.9.1. Clearance to the Fireplace Opening
- 9.22.9.2. Metal Exposed to the Interior
- 9.22.9.3. Clearance to Combustible Framing
- 9.22.9.4. Heat-Circulating Duct Outlets
- 9.22.10. Fireplace Inserts and Hearth-Mounted Stoves
- 9.22.10.1. Appliance Standard
- 9.22.10.2. Installation
- 9.22.1. General
- Section 9.23. Wood-Frame Construction
- 9.23.1. Application
- 9.23.1.1. Limitations
- 9.23.2. General
- 9.23.2.1. Strength and Rigidity
- 9.23.2.2. Protection from Decay
- 9.23.2.3. Protection from Dampness
- 9.23.2.4. Lumber
- 9.23.3. Fasteners
- 9.23.3.1. Standards for Nails and Screws
- 9.23.3.2. Length of Nails
- 9.23.3.3. Prevention of Splitting
- 9.23.3.4. Nailing of Framing
- 9.23.3.5. Fasteners for Sheathing or Subflooring
- 9.23.4. Maximum Spans
- 9.23.4.1. Application
- 9.23.4.2. Spans for Joists, Rafters and Beams
- 9.23.4.3. Steel Beams
- 9.23.4.4. Concrete Topping
- 9.23.4.5. Heavy Roofing Materials
- 9.23.5. Notching and Drilling
- 9.23.5.1. Holes Drilled in Framing Members
- 9.23.5.2. Notching of Framing Members
- 9.23.5.3. Wall Studs
- 9.23.5.4. Top Plates
- 9.23.5.5. Roof Trusses
- 9.23.6. Anchorage
- 9.23.6.1. Anchorage of Building Frames
- 9.23.6.2. Anchorage of Columns and Posts
- 9.23.6.3. Anchorage of Smaller Buildings
- 9.23.7. Sill Plates
- 9.23.7.1. Size of Sill Plates
- 9.23.7.2. Levelling and Sealing of Sill Plates
- 9.23.8. Beams to Support Floors
- 9.23.8.1. Bearing for Beams
- 9.23.8.2. Priming of Steel Beams
- 9.23.8.3. Built-up Wood Beams
- 9.23.9. Floor Joists
- 9.23.9.1. End Bearing for Joists
- 9.23.9.2. Joists Supported by Beams
- 9.23.9.3. Restraint of Joist Bottoms
- 9.23.9.4. Strapping, Bridging, Furring and Ceilings in Span Tables 9.23.4.2.-A and -B
- 9.23.9.5. Header Joists
- 9.23.9.6. Trimmer Joists
- 9.23.9.7. Support of Tail and Header Joists
- 9.23.9.8. Support of Walls
- 9.23.9.9. Cantilevered Floor Joists
- 9.23.10. Wall Studs
- 9.23.10.1. Stud Size and Spacing
- 9.23.10.2. Bracing and Lateral Support
- 9.23.10.3. Orientation of Studs
- 9.23.10.4. Continuity of Studs
- 9.23.10.5. Support for Cladding, Sheathing and Finishing Materials
- 9.23.10.6. Studs at Sides of Openings
- 9.23.11. Wall Plates
- 9.23.11.1. Size of Wall Plates
- 9.23.11.2. Bottom Wall Plates
- 9.23.11.3. Top Plates
- 9.23.11.4. Joints in Top Plates
- 9.23.12. Framing over Openings
- 9.23.12.1. Openings in Non-Loadbearing Walls
- 9.23.12.2. Openings in Loadbearing Walls
- 9.23.12.3. Lintel Spans and Sizes
- 9.23.13. Bracing to Resist Lateral Loads Due to Wind and Earthquake
- 9.23.13.1. Requirements for Low to Moderate Wind and Seismic Forces
- 9.23.13.2. Requirements for High Wind and Seismic Forces
- 9.23.13.3. Requirements for Extreme Wind and Seismic Forces
- 9.23.13.4. Braced Wall Bands
- 9.23.13.5. Braced Wall Panels in Braced Wall Bands
- 9.23.13.6. Materials in Braced Wall Panels
- 9.23.13.7. Additional System Considerations
- 9.23.14. Roof and Ceiling Framing
- 9.23.14.1. Continuity of Rafters and Joists
- 9.23.14.2. Framing around Openings
- 9.23.14.3. End Bearing Length
- 9.23.14.4. Location and Attachment of Rafters
- 9.23.14.5. Shaping of Rafters
- 9.23.14.6. Hip and Valley Rafters
- 9.23.14.7. Intermediate Support for Rafters and Joists
- 9.23.14.8. Ridge Support
- 9.23.14.9. Restraint of Joist Bottoms
- 9.23.14.10. Ceiling Joists Supporting Roof Load
- 9.23.14.11. Roof Trusses
- 9.23.15. Subflooring
- 9.23.15.1. Subflooring Required
- 9.23.15.2. Material Standards
- 9.23.15.3. Edge Support
- 9.23.15.4. Direction of Installation
- 9.23.15.5. Subfloor Thickness or Rating
- 9.23.15.6. Annular Grooved Nails
- 9.23.15.7. Lumber Subflooring
- 9.23.16. Roof Sheathing
- 9.23.16.1. Required Roof Sheathing
- 9.23.16.2. Material Standards
- 9.23.16.3. Direction of Installation
- 9.23.16.4. Joints in Panel-Type Sheathing
- 9.23.16.5. Lumber Roof Sheathing
- 9.23.16.6. Edge Support
- 9.23.16.7. Thickness or Rating
- 9.23.17. Wall Sheathing
- 9.23.17.1. Required Sheathing
- 9.23.17.2. Thickness, Rating and Material Standards
- 9.23.17.3. Attachment of Cladding to Sheathing
- 9.23.17.4. Lumber Sheathing
- 9.23.17.5. Joints in Panel-Type Sheathing
- 9.23.17.6. Mansard Style Roofs
- 9.23.1. Application
- Section 9.24. Sheet Steel Stud Wall Framing
- 9.24.1. General
- 9.24.1.1. Application
- 9.24.1.2. Material Standards
- 9.24.1.3. Metal Thickness
- 9.24.1.4. Screws
- 9.24.1.5. Cladding, Sheathing and Interior Finish Required
- 9.24.2. Size of Framing
- 9.24.2.1. Size and Spacing of Studs in Interior Walls
- 9.24.2.2. Thickness of Studs
- 9.24.2.3. Runners
- 9.24.2.4. Openings in Fire Separations
- 9.24.2.5. Size and Spacing of Studs in Exterior Walls
- 9.24.3. Installation
- 9.24.3.1. Installation of Runners
- 9.24.3.2. Fire-Rated Walls
- 9.24.3.3. Orientation of Studs
- 9.24.3.4. Support for Cladding Materials
- 9.24.3.5. Framing around Openings
- 9.24.3.6. Attachment of Studs to Runners
- 9.24.3.7. Openings for Fire Dampers
- 9.24.1. General
- Section 9.25. Heat Transfer, Air Leakage and Condensation Control
- 9.25.1. General
- 9.25.1.1. Scope and Application
- 9.25.2. Thermal Insulation
- 9.25.2.1. Required Insulation
- 9.25.2.2. Insulation Materials
- 9.25.2.3. Installation of Thermal Insulation
- 9.25.2.4. Installation of Loose-Fill Insulation
- 9.25.2.5. Installation of Spray-Applied Polyurethane
- 9.25.3. Air Barrier Systems
- 9.25.3.1. Required Barrier to Air Leakage
- 9.25.3.2. Air Barrier System Properties
- 9.25.3.3. Continuity of the Air Barrier System
- 9.25.3.4. Air Leakage Control in Masonry Walls
- 9.25.3.5. Air Leakage Control in Underground Roofs
- 9.25.3.6. Air Barrier Systems in Floors-on-ground
- 9.25.4. Vapour Barriers
- 9.25.4.1. Required Barrier to Vapour Diffusion
- 9.25.4.2. Vapour Barrier Materials
- 9.25.4.3. Installation of Vapour Barriers
- 9.25.5. Properties and Position of Materials in the Building Envelope
- 9.25.5.1. General
- 9.25.5.2. Position of Low Permeance Materials
- 9.25.1. General
- Section 9.26. Roofing
- 9.26.1. General
- 9.26.1.1. Definitions
- 9.26.1.2. Required Protection
- 9.26.1.3. Alternative Installation Methods
- 9.26.2. Roofing Materials
- 9.26.2.1. Material Standards
- 9.26.2.2. Installation of Materials
- 9.26.2.3. Nails
- 9.26.2.4. Staples
- 9.26.3. Slope of Roofed Surfaces
- 9.26.3.1. Slope
- 9.26.4. Flashing at Intersections
- 9.26.4.1. Required Flashing at Intersections
- 9.26.4.2. Materials
- 9.26.4.3. Valley Flashing
- 9.26.4.4. Intersection of Shingle Roofs and Masonry
- 9.26.4.5. Intersection of Shingle Roofs and Walls other than Masonry
- 9.26.4.6. Intersection of Built-Up Roofs and Masonry
- 9.26.4.7. Intersection of Built-Up Roofs and Walls other than Masonry
- 9.26.4.8. Chimney Saddles
- 9.26.5. Eave Protection for Shingles and Shakes
- 9.26.5.1. Required Eave Protection
- 9.26.5.2. Materials
- 9.26.6. Underlay beneath Shingles
- 9.26.6.1. Materials
- 9.26.6.2. Installation
- 9.26.7. Asphalt Shingles on Slopes of 1 in 3 or Greater
- 9.26.7.1. Coverage
- 9.26.7.2. Starter Strip
- 9.26.7.3. Head Lap
- 9.26.7.4. Fasteners
- 9.26.7.5. Securing of Tabs
- 9.26.7.6. Hips and Ridges
- 9.26.7.7. Eave Protection
- 9.26.7.8. Flashing
- 9.26.8. Asphalt Shingles on Slopes of less than 1 in 3
- 9.26.8.1. Coverage
- 9.26.8.2. Starter Strip
- 9.26.8.3. Securing of Tabs
- 9.26.8.4. Securing of Shingle Courses
- 9.26.8.5. Hips and Ridges
- 9.26.8.6. Flashing
- 9.26.8.7. Fastening
- 9.26.9. Wood Roof Shingles
- 9.26.9.1. Decking
- 9.26.9.2. Grade
- 9.26.9.3. Size
- 9.26.9.4. Spacing and Joints
- 9.26.9.5. Fastening
- 9.26.9.6. Exposure
- 9.26.9.7. Flashing
- 9.26.9.8. Eave Protection
- 9.26.10. Cedar Roof Shakes
- 9.26.10.1. Size and Thickness
- 9.26.10.2. Underlay
- 9.26.10.3. Spacing and Joints
- 9.26.10.4. Fastening
- 9.26.10.5. Exposure
- 9.26.10.6. Flashing
- 9.26.10.7. Eave Protection
- 9.26.10.8. Grade
- 9.26.11. Built-Up Roofs
- 9.26.11.1. Quantity of Materials
- 9.26.11.2. Coal-Tar and Asphalt Products
- 9.26.11.3. Roof Felts
- 9.26.11.4. Aggregate Surfacing
- 9.26.11.5. Flashing
- 9.26.11.6. Number of Layers
- 9.26.11.7. Installation of Layers
- 9.26.11.8. Roofing over Wood-Based Sheathing
- 9.26.11.9. Attachment to Decking
- 9.26.11.10. Cant Strips
- 9.26.12. Selvage Roofing
- 9.26.12.1. Coverage
- 9.26.12.2. Joints
- 9.26.13. Sheet Metal Roofing
- 9.26.13.1. Thickness
- 9.26.13.2. Support
- 9.26.14. Glass Reinforced Polyester Roofing
- 9.26.14.1. Support
- 9.26.15. Hot Applied Rubberized Asphalt Roofing
- 9.26.15.1. Installation
- 9.26.16. Polyvinyl Chloride Sheet Roofing
- 9.26.16.1. Installation
- 9.26.17. Concrete Roof Tiles
- 9.26.17.1. Installation
- 9.26.18. Roof Drains and Downspouts
- 9.26.18.1. Roof Drains
- 9.26.18.2. Downspouts
- 9.26.1. General
- Section 9.27. Cladding
- 9.27.1. Application
- 9.27.1.1. General
- 9.27.2. Required Protection from Precipitation
- 9.27.2.1. Minimizing and Preventing Ingress and Damage
- 9.27.2.2. Minimum Protection from Precipitation Ingress
- 9.27.2.3. First and Second Planes of Protection
- 9.27.2.4. Protection of Cladding from Moisture
- 9.27.3. Second Plane of Protection
- 9.27.3.1. Elements of the Second Plane of Protection
- 9.27.3.2. Sheathing Membrane Material Standard
- 9.27.3.3. Required Sheathing Membrane and Installation
- 9.27.3.4. Insulating Sheathing in lieu of Sheathing Membrane
- 9.27.3.5. Sheathing Membranes in lieu of Sheathing
- 9.27.3.6. Face Sealed Cladding
- 9.27.3.7. Flashing Materials
- 9.27.3.8. Flashing Installation
- 9.27.4. Sealants
- 9.27.4.1. Required Sealants
- 9.27.4.2. Materials
- 9.27.5. Attachment of Cladding
- 9.27.5.1. Attachment
- 9.27.5.2. Blocking
- 9.27.5.3. Furring
- 9.27.5.4. Size and Spacing of Fasteners
- 9.27.5.5. Fastener Materials
- 9.27.5.6. Expansion and Contraction
- 9.27.5.7. Penetration of Fasteners
- 9.27.6. Lumber Siding
- 9.27.6.1. Materials
- 9.27.6.2. Thickness and Width
- 9.27.6.3. Joints
- 9.27.7. Wood Shingles and Shakes
- 9.27.7.1. Materials
- 9.27.7.2. Width
- 9.27.7.3. Fasteners
- 9.27.7.4. Offsetting of Joints
- 9.27.7.5. Fastening to Lath
- 9.27.7.6. Exposure and Thickness
- 9.27.8. Plywood
- 9.27.8.1. Material Standards
- 9.27.8.2. Thickness
- 9.27.8.3. Edge Treatment
- 9.27.8.4. Panel Cladding
- 9.27.8.5. Lapped Strip Siding
- 9.27.9. Hardboard
- 9.27.9.1. Material Standards
- 9.27.9.2. Thickness
- 9.27.9.3. Panel Cladding
- 9.27.9.4. Lapped Strip Siding
- 9.27.9.5. Clearance
- 9.27.10. OSB and Waferboard
- 9.27.10.1. Material Standard
- 9.27.10.2. Thickness
- 9.27.10.3. Panel Cladding
- 9.27.10.4. Clearance
- 9.27.11. Metal
- 9.27.11.1. Material Standards
- 9.27.12. Vinyl Siding
- 9.27.12.1. Material Standard
- 9.27.12.2. Attachment
- 9.27.13. Exterior Insulation Finish Systems
- 9.27.13.1. Application
- 9.27.13.2. Materials
- 9.27.13.3. Design and Installation
- 9.27.1. Application
- Section 9.28. Stucco
- 9.28.1. General
- 9.28.1.1. Sheathing beneath Stucco
- 9.28.1.2. Lath and Reinforcing
- 9.28.1.3. Concrete Masonry Units
- 9.28.1.4. Clearance over Ground Level
- 9.28.1.5. Flashing and Caulking
- 9.28.2. Stucco Materials
- 9.28.2.1. Portland Cement
- 9.28.2.2. Aggregate
- 9.28.2.3. Water
- 9.28.3. Fasteners
- 9.28.3.1. Materials
- 9.28.3.2. Nails and Staples
- 9.28.4. Stucco Lath
- 9.28.4.1. Materials
- 9.28.4.2. No Sheathing Required
- 9.28.4.3. Stucco Lath Specifications
- 9.28.4.4. Self-Furring Devices
- 9.28.4.5. Application of Stucco Lath
- 9.28.4.6. Fastening
- 9.28.5. Stucco Mixes
- 9.28.5.1. Mixes
- 9.28.5.2. Pigments
- 9.28.5.3. Mixing
- 9.28.6. Stucco Application
- 9.28.6.1. Low Temperature Conditions
- 9.28.6.2. Number of Coats and Total Thickness
- 9.28.6.3. First Coat
- 9.28.6.4. Second Coat
- 9.28.6.5. Finish Coat
- 9.28.1. General
- Section 9.29. Interior Wall and Ceiling Finishes
- 9.29.1. General
- 9.29.1.1. Fire Protection and Sound Control
- 9.29.2. Waterproof Wall Finish
- 9.29.2.1. Where Required
- 9.29.2.2. Materials
- 9.29.3. Wood Furring
- 9.29.3.1. Size and Spacing of Furring
- 9.29.3.2. Fastening
- 9.29.4. Plastering
- 9.29.4.1. Application
- 9.29.5. Gypsum Board Finish (Taped Joints)
- 9.29.5.1. Application
- 9.29.5.2. Materials
- 9.29.5.3. Maximum Spacing of Supports
- 9.29.5.4. Support of Insulation
- 9.29.5.5. Length of Fasteners
- 9.29.5.6. Nails
- 9.29.5.7. Screws
- 9.29.5.8. Spacing of Nails
- 9.29.5.9. Spacing of Screws
- 9.29.5.10. Low Temperature Conditions
- 9.29.6. Plywood Finish
- 9.29.6.1. Thickness
- 9.29.6.2. Grooved Plywood
- 9.29.6.3. Nails and Staples
- 9.29.6.4. Edge Support
- 9.29.7. Hardboard Finish
- 9.29.7.1. Material Standard
- 9.29.7.2. Thickness
- 9.29.7.3. Nails
- 9.29.7.4. Edge Support
- 9.29.8. Insulating Fibreboard Finish
- 9.29.8.1. Material Standard
- 9.29.8.2. Thickness
- 9.29.8.3. Nails
- 9.29.8.4. Edge Support
- 9.29.9. Particleboard, OSB or Waferboard Finish
- 9.29.9.1. Material Standard
- 9.29.9.2. Minimum Thickness
- 9.29.9.3. Nails
- 9.29.9.4. Edge Support
- 9.29.10. Wall Tile Finish
- 9.29.10.1. Tile Application
- 9.29.10.2. Mortar Base
- 9.29.10.3. Adhesives
- 9.29.10.4. Moisture-Resistant Backing
- 9.29.10.5. Joints between Tiles and Bathtub
- 9.29.1. General
- Section 9.30. Flooring
- 9.30.1. General
- 9.30.1.1. Required Finished Flooring
- 9.30.1.2. Water Resistance
- 9.30.1.3. Sleepers
- 9.30.1.4. Finish Quality
- 9.30.2. Panel-Type Underlay
- 9.30.2.1. Required Underlay
- 9.30.2.2. Materials and Thickness
- 9.30.2.3. Fastening
- 9.30.2.4. Joints Offset
- 9.30.2.5. Surface Defects
- 9.30.3. Wood Strip Flooring
- 9.30.3.1. Thickness
- 9.30.3.2. Strip Direction and End Joints
- 9.30.3.3. Nailing
- 9.30.3.4. Staples
- 9.30.4. Parquet Flooring
- 9.30.4.1. Adhesive
- 9.30.5. Resilient Flooring
- 9.30.5.1. Materials
- 9.30.6. Ceramic Tile
- 9.30.6.1. Substrate
- 9.30.1. General
- Section 9.31. Plumbing Facilities
- 9.31.1. Scope
- 9.31.1.1. Application
- 9.31.2. General
- 9.31.2.1. General
- 9.31.2.2. Corrosion Protection
- 9.31.2.3. Grab Bars
- 9.31.3. Water Supply and Distribution
- 9.31.3.1. Required Water Supply
- 9.31.3.2. Required Connections
- 9.31.4. Required Facilities
- 9.31.4.1. Required Fixtures
- 9.31.4.2. Hot Water Supply
- 9.31.4.3. Floor Drains
- 9.31.5. Sewage Disposal
- 9.31.5.1. Building Sewer
- 9.31.5.2. Discharge of Sewage
- 9.31.6. Service Water Heating Facilities
- 9.31.6.1. Hot Water Supply
- 9.31.6.2. Equipment and Installation
- 9.31.6.3. Corrosion-Resistant Coating
- 9.31.6.4. Fuel-Burning Heaters
- 9.31.6.5. Heating Coils
- 9.31.1. Scope
- Section 9.32. Ventilation
- 9.32.1. General
- 9.32.1.1. Application
- 9.32.1.2. Required Ventilation
- 9.32.1.3. Venting of Laundry-Drying Equipment
- 9.32.2. Non-Heating-Season Ventilation
- 9.32.2.1. Required Ventilation
- 9.32.2.2. Non-Heating-Season Natural Ventilation
- 9.32.2.3. Non-Heating-Season Mechanical Ventilation
- 9.32.3. Heating-Season Mechanical Ventilation
- 9.32.3.1. Required Ventilation
- 9.32.3.2. Design and Installation
- 9.32.3.3. Principal Ventilation System
- 9.32.3.4. Ventilation Systems Used in Conjunction with Forced Air Heating Systems
- 9.32.3.5. Ventilation Systems Not Used in Conjunction with Forced Air Heating Systems
- 9.32.3.6. Exhaust-Only Ventilation Systems
- 9.32.3.7. Supplemental Exhaust
- 9.32.3.8. Protection Against Depressurization
- 9.32.3.9. Carbon Monoxide Alarms
- 9.32.3.10. Fans
- 9.32.3.11. Ducts
- 9.32.3.12. Heat Recovery Ventilators
- 9.32.3.13. Outdoor Intake and Exhaust Openings
- 9.32.1. General
- Section 9.33. Heating and Air-conditioning
- 9.33.1. General
- 9.33.1.1. Application
- 9.33.2. Required Heating Systems
- 9.33.2.1. Required Heating Systems
- 9.33.3. Design Temperatures
- 9.33.3.1. Indoor Design Temperatures
- 9.33.3.2. Outdoor Design Temperatures
- 9.33.4. General Requirements for Heating and Air-conditioning Systems
- 9.33.4.1. Design of Heating and Air-conditioning Systems
- 9.33.4.2. Installation of Hydronic Heating Systems
- 9.33.4.3. Heating System Control
- 9.33.4.4. Access
- 9.33.4.5. Protection from Freezing
- 9.33.4.6. Expansion, Contraction and System Pressure
- 9.33.4.7. Structural Movement
- 9.33.4.8. Asbestos
- 9.33.4.9. Contaminant Transfer
- 9.33.5. Heating and Air-conditioning Appliances and Equipment
- 9.33.5.1. Capacity of Heating Appliances
- 9.33.5.2. Installation Standards
- 9.33.5.3. Design, Construction and Installation Standard for Solid-Fuel-Burning Appliances
- 9.33.5.4. Fireplaces
- 9.33.6. Air Duct Systems
- 9.33.6.1. Application
- 9.33.6.2. Materials in Air Duct Systems
- 9.33.6.3. Tape
- 9.33.6.4. Coverings, Linings, Adhesives and Insulation
- 9.33.6.5. Galvanized Steel or Aluminum Supply Ducts
- 9.33.6.6. Construction of Ducts and Plenums
- 9.33.6.7. Installation of Ducts and Plenums
- 9.33.6.8. Clearances of Ducts and Plenums
- 9.33.6.9. Adjustable Dampers and Balance Stops
- 9.33.6.10. Warm-Air Supply Outlets and Return Inlets — General
- 9.33.6.11. Warm-Air Supply Outlets
- 9.33.6.12. Return-Air Inlets
- 9.33.6.13. Return-Air System
- 9.33.6.14. Filters and Odour Removal Equipment
- 9.33.7. Radiators and Convectors
- 9.33.7.1. Recessed Radiators and Convectors
- 9.33.7.2. Surface Temperature
- 9.33.8. Piping for Heating and Cooling Systems
- 9.33.8.1. Piping Materials and Installation
- 9.33.8.2. Insulation and Coverings
- 9.33.8.3. Clearances
- 9.33.8.4. Protection
- 9.33.9. Refrigerating Systems and Equipment for Air-conditioning
- 9.33.9.1. Cooling Units
- 9.33.10. Chimneys and Venting Equipment
- 9.33.10.1. Requirement for Venting
- 9.33.10.2. Factory-Built Chimneys
- 9.33.10.3. Masonry or Concrete Chimneys
- 9.33.1. General
- Section 9.34. Electrical Facilities
- 9.34.1. General
- 9.34.1.1. Standard for Electrical Installations
- 9.34.1.2. Required Facilities
- 9.34.1.3. Location of Equipment in Public Areas
- 9.34.1.4. Recessed Lighting Fixtures
- 9.34.1.5. Wiring and Cables
- 9.34.2. Lighting Outlets
- 9.34.2.1. Lighting of Entrances
- 9.34.2.2. Outlets in Dwelling Units
- 9.34.2.3. Stairways
- 9.34.2.4. Basements
- 9.34.2.5. Storage Rooms
- 9.34.2.6. Garages and Carports
- 9.34.2.7. Public and Service Areas
- 9.34.3. Emergency Lighting
- 9.34.3.1. Criteria for Emergency Lighting
- 9.34.1. General
- Section 9.35. Garages and Carports
- 9.35.1. Scope
- 9.35.1.1. Application
- 9.35.1.2. Construction Requirements
- 9.35.2. General
- 9.35.2.1. Carport Considered to be Garage
- 9.35.2.2. Garage Floor
- 9.35.3. Foundations
- 9.35.3.1. Foundation Required
- 9.35.3.2. Protection from Damage due to Soil Movement
- 9.35.3.3. Drainage
- 9.35.3.4. Column Piers
- 9.35.4. Walls and Columns
- 9.35.4.1. Interior Finish
- 9.35.4.2. Columns
- 9.35.4.3. Anchorage
- 9.35.1. Scope
- Section 9.36. Energy Efficiency
- 9.36.1. General
- 9.36.1.1. Scope
- 9.36.1.2. Definitions
- 9.36.1.3. Compliance and Application
- 9.36.2. Building Envelope
- 9.36.2.1. Scope and Application
- 9.36.2.2. Determination of Thermal Characteristics of Materials, Components and Assemblies
- 9.36.2.3. Calculation of Ceiling, Wall, Fenestration and Door Areas
- 9.36.2.4. Calculation of Effective Thermal Resistance of Assemblies
- 9.36.2.5. Continuity of Insulation
- 9.36.2.6. Thermal Characteristics of Above-ground Opaque Building Assemblies
- 9.36.2.7. Thermal Characteristics of Fenestration, Doors and Skylights
- 9.36.2.8. Thermal Characteristics of Building Assemblies Below-Grade or in Contact with the Ground
- 9.36.2.9. Airtightness
- 9.36.2.10. Construction of Air Barrier Details
- 9.36.2.11. Trade-off Options for Above-ground Building Envelope Components and Assemblies
- 9.36.3. HVAC Requirements
- 9.36.3.1. Scope and Application
- 9.36.3.2. Equipment and Ducts
- 9.36.3.3. Air Intake and Outlet Dampers
- 9.36.3.4. Piping for Heating and Cooling Systems
- 9.36.3.5. Equipment for Heating and Air-conditioning Systems
- 9.36.3.6. Temperature Controls
- 9.36.3.7. Humidification
- 9.36.3.8. Heat Recovery from Dehumidification in Spaces with an Indoor Pool or Hot Tub
- 9.36.3.9. Heat Recovery from Ventilation Systems
- 9.36.3.10. Equipment Efficiency
- 9.36.3.11. Solar Thermal Systems
- 9.36.4. Service Water Heating Systems
- 9.36.4.1. Scope and Application
- 9.36.4.2. Equipment Efficiency
- 9.36.4.3. Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems
- 9.36.4.4. Piping
- 9.36.4.5. Controls
- 9.36.4.6. Indoor Swimming Pool Equipment Controls
- 9.36.5. Energy Performance Compliance
- 9.36.5.1. Scope and Application
- 9.36.5.2. Definitions
- 9.36.5.3. Compliance
- 9.36.5.4. Calculation Methods
- 9.36.5.5. Climatic Data
- 9.36.5.6. Building Envelope Calculations
- 9.36.5.7. HVAC System Calculations
- 9.36.5.8. Service Water Heating System Calculations
- 9.36.5.9. General Requirements for Modeling the Proposed House
- 9.36.5.10. Modeling Building Envelope of Proposed House
- 9.36.5.11. Modeling HVAC System of Proposed House
- 9.36.5.12. Modeling Service Water Heating System of Proposed House
- 9.36.5.13. General Requirements for Modeling the Reference House
- 9.36.5.14. Modeling Building Envelope of Reference House
- 9.36.5.15. Modeling HVAC System of Reference House
- 9.36.5.16. Modeling Service Water Heating System of Reference House
- 9.36.1. General
- Section 9.1. General
- Part 3 - Fire Protection, Occupant Safety and Accessibility
